Risk & Protective Factors

Resources

Anderson, L., & Bowen, J. (2020). The supportive classroom: Trauma-sensitive strategies for fostering resilience and creating a safe, compassionate environment for all students. Ulysses Press.

Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 7, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020

Bechtiger, L., Steinhoff, A., Dollar, J. M., Halliday, S. E., Keane, S. P., Calkins, S. D., & Shanahan, L. (2022). Pathways from maternal depressive symptoms to children’s academic performance in adolescence: A 13‐year prospective‐longitudinal study. Child Development, 93(2), 388-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13685

Beckmann, L., Bergmann, M. C., Fischer, F., & Mößle, T. (2021). Risk and protective factors of child-to-parent violence: A comparison between physical and verbal aggression. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(3-4), NP1309-1334NP. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517746129

Bendau, A., Plag, J., Kunas, S., Wyka, S., Ströhle, A., & Petzold, M. B. (2021). Longitudinal changes in anxiety and psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during the first three months of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 11(2), e01964. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1964

Bråthen, A. C. S., De Lange, A. M. G., Fjell, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2020). Risk-and protective factors for memory plasticity in aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2020.1727834

Caballero, H. S., McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., & Dixon, R. A. (2021). Integrating three characteristics of executive function in non-demented aging: Trajectories, classification, and biomarker predictors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(2), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000703

Carmassi, C., Dell’Oste, V., Foghi, C., Bertelloni, C. A., Conti, E., Calderoni, S., Battini, R., & Dell’Osso, L. (2021). Post-traumatic stress reactions in caregivers of children and adolescents/young adults with severe diseases: A systematic review of risk and protective factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010189

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). In brief: The foundations of lifelong health (InBrief Series). https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-the-foundations-of-lifelong-health/

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). In brief: How resilience is built (InBrief Series). https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-how-resilience-is-built/

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2013, May 13). Building adult capabilities to improve childhood outcomes: A theory of change. [Video]. (0:05:18). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urU-a_FsS5Y

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2015, April 22). In brief: The science of resilience. [Video]. (0:02:29). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1r8hj72bfGo&t=23s

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (2015, April 22). In brief: How resilience is built. [Video]. (0:02:17). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSf7pRpOgu8

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. (n.d.). Resilience. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/resilience/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fviolenceprevention%2Facestudy%2Findex.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Child maltreatment: Risk & protective factors. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/riskprotectivefactors.html

Conversano, C., Di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Orrù, G. (2020). Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900

Dailey, S. F., Parker, M. M., & Campbell, A. (2023). Social connectedness, mindfulness, and coping as protective factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Counseling & Development, 101(1), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12450

Damico, S. (2020). The resilience cascade: The best way to promote resilience in children is to foster resilient teachers. Childhood Education, 96(1), 54-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2020.1707538

Davies, C., Segre, G., Estradé, A., Radua, J., De Micheli, A., Provenzani, U., ... & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30057-2

Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., & Taylor, L. K. (2021). The interplay of community and family risk and protective factors on adjustment in young adult immigrants. International Journal of Psychology, 56(2), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12698

Elsabbagh, M. (2020). Linking risk factors and outcomes in autism spectrum disorder: Is there evidence for resilience? BMJ, 360(16880), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6880

Fernandez-Baizan, C., Alcántara-Canabal, L., Solis, G., & Mendez, M. (2020). The association between perinatal and neonatal variables and neuropsychological development in very and extremely low-birth-weight preterm children at the beginning of primary school. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2019.1709464

Fernández, R. S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N. M., Allegri, R. F., & Pedreira, M. E. (2020). Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: Latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133

Gerstein, E. D., Cherry, K. E., & Diemer, M. C. (2021). Identifying developmental profiles for children in Early Head Start: Associations with early risk and protective factors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 57, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.06.007

Groarke, J. M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PloS one, 15(9), e0239698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239698

Guyer, A. E. (2020). Adolescent psychopathology: The role of brain-based diatheses, sensitivities, and susceptibilities. Child Development Perspectives, 14(2), 104-109.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12365

Holingue, C., Badillo-Goicoechea, E., Riehm, K. E., Veldhuis, C. B., Thrul, J., Johnson, R. M., ... & Kalb, L. G. (2020). Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults without a pre-existing mental health condition: Findings from American trend panel survey. Preventive Medicine, 139, 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106231

Hong, S. J., Sisk, L. M., Caballero, C., Mekhanik, A., Roy, A. K., Milham, M. P., & Gee, D. G. (2021). Decomposing complex links between the childhood environment and brain structure in school-aged youth. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 48, Article 100919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100919

Huber, L. P., Gonzalez, T., Robles, G., & Solórzano, D. G. (2021). Racial microaffirmations as a response to racial microaggressions: Exploring risk and protective factors. New Ideas in Psychology, 63, 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100880

Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Venegas-Murillo, A., Klomhaus, A., Aralis, H., Lee, K., Rahmanian Koushkaki, S., Lester, P., Escudero, P., & Kataoka, S. (2022). The role of resilience and gender: Understanding the relationship between risk for traumatic stress, resilience, and academic outcomes among minoritized youth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001161

Jadva, V., Guasp, A., Bradlow, J. H., Bower-Brown, S., & Foley, S. (2023). Predictors of self-harm and suicide in LGBT youth: The role of gender, socio-economic status, bullying and school experience. Journal of Public Health, 45(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab383

Jagodics, B., & Szabó, É. (2022). Student burnout in higher education: A demand-resource model approach. Trends in Psychology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00137-4

Janiri, D., Doucet, G. E., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Luna, B., Brent, D. A., & Frangou, S. (2020). Risk and protective factors for childhood suicidality: A US population-based study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30049-3

Janiaud, P., Agarwal, A., Tzoulaki, I., Theodoratou, E., Tsilidis, K. K., Evangelou, E., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2021). Validity of observational evidence on putative risk and protective factors: appraisal of 3744 meta-analyses on 57 topics. BMC medicine, 19(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02020-6

Katz, B., Turney, I., Lee, J., H., Amini, R., Ajrouch, K. J., & Antonucci, T. C. (2020). Race/ethnic differences in social resources as cognitive risk and protective factors. Research in Human Development, 17(1), 57-77.  https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2020.1743809

Kelifa, M. O., Yang, Y., Carly, H., Bo, W., & Wang, P. (2021). How adverse childhood experiences relate to subjective wellbeing in college students: The role of resilience and depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(5), 2103-2123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00308-7

Korpershoek, H., Canrinus, E. T., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & de Boer, H. (2020). The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: A meta-analytic review. Research Papers in Education, 35(6), 641-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1615116

Lawrence, K. A., Pachner, T. M., Long, M. M., Henderson, S., Schuman, D. L., & Plassman, B. L. (2020). Risk and protective factors of dementia among adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 10(6), e035517. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035517

Magson, N. R., Freeman, J. Y. A., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, C. E., Oar, E. L., & Fardouly, J. (2020). Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9

Marco, S., Dragioti, E., Arango, C., Radua, J., Ostinelli, E., Kilic, O., ... & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). Risk and protective factors for mental disorders with onset in childhood/adolescence: an umbrella review o published meta-analyses of observational longitudinal studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.002 

Markovic, A., Mühlematter, C., Beaugrand, M., Camos, V., & Kurth, S. (2021). Severe effects of the COVID‐19 confinement on young children’s sleep: A longitudinal study identifying risk and protective factors. Journal of Sleep Research, Article e13314. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13314

Masten, A. S., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2020). Multisystem resilience for children and youth in disaster: Reflection in the context of COVID-19. Adversity and Resilience Science, 1(2), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00010-w

Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165

Mentis, A. F. A., Dardiotis, E., Efthymiou, V., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021). Non-genetic risk and protective factors and biomarkers for neurological disorders: a meta-umbrella systematic review of umbrella reviews. BMC Medicine, 19(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01873-7

Morgan, R. L., Preidis, G. A., Kashyap, P. C., Weizman, A. V., Sadeghirad, B., Chang, Y., ... & Zeraatkar, D. (2020). Probiotics reduce mortality and morbidity in preterm, low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Gastroenterology, 159(2), 467-480. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.096

Nagy, A., Kalmár, M., Beke, A. M., Gráf, R., & Horváth, E. (2021). Intelligence and executive function of school-age preterm children in function of birth weight and perinatal complication. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1-12. ttps://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2020.1866571

Nasaescu, E., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Farrington, D. P., & Llorent, V. J. (2023). Stability and change in longitudinal patterns of antisocial behaviors: The role of social and emotional competencies, empathy, and morality. Current Psychology, 42(14), 11980-11994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02484-y

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child  (2020). Connecting the brain to the rest of the body: Early childhood development and lifelong health are deeply intertwined (Working Paper No. 15). Center o the Developing Child at Harvard University. https://46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/wp15health_FINALv2.pdf

Oberle, E., Ji, X. R., Kerai, S., Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Gadermann, A. M. (2020). Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: A population-level study. Preventive Medicine, 141, 106291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106291

Oliver, D., Reilly, T. J., Baccaredda Boy, O., Petros, N., Davies, C., Borgwardt, S., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). What causes the onset of psychosis in individuals at clinical high risk? A meta-analysis of risk and protective factors. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(1), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz039

Osher, D., Cantor, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T. (2020). Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(1), 6-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1398650

Panchal, U., Salazar de Pablo, G., Franco, M., Moreno, C., Parellada, M., Arango, C., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 32(7), 1151-1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w

Parikh, N. A., Sharma, P., He, L., Li, H., Altaye, M., Illapani, V. S. P., ... & Yuan, W. (2021). Perinatal risk and protective factors in the development of diffuse white matter abnormality on term-equivalent age magnetic resonance imaging in infants born very preterm. The Journal of Pediatrics, 233, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.058

Poehlmann‐Tynan, J., & Turney, K. (2021). A developmental perspective on children with incarcerated parents. Child Development Perspectives, 15(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12392

Racine, S., Miller, A., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2021). Examining risk and protective factors for psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1958789

Rakesh, D., Seguin, C., Zalesky, A., Cropley, V., & Whittle, S. (2021). Associations between neighborhood disadvantage, resting-state functional connectivity, and behavior in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudyⓇ: Moderating role of positive family and school environments. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6(9), 877-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.008

Romm, K. F., Park, Y. W., Hughes, J. L., & Gentzler, A. L. (2021). Risk and protective factors for changes in adolescent psychosocial adjustment during COVID‐19. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(3), 546-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12667

Scoglio, A. A., Kraus, S. W., Saczynski, J., Jooma, S., & Molnar, B. E. (2021). Systematic review of risk and protective factors for revictimization after child sexual abuse. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018823274

Schoentgen, B., Gagliardi, G., & Défontaines, B. (2020). Environmental and cognitive enrichment in childhood as protective factors in the adult aging brain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1814), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01814

Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531-537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201

Silva-Laya, M., D'Angelo, N., García, E., Zúñiga, L., & Fernández, T. (2020). Urban poverty and education. A systematic literature review. Educational Research Review, 29, 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.05.002

Solmi, M., Dragioti, E., Arango, C., Radua, J., Ostinelli, E., Kilic, O., Yilmaz, U. E., Yalcinay-İnan, M., Soares, F. C., Mariano, L., Mosillo, P, Cortese, S., Correll, C. U., Carvalho, A. F., Shin, J. I., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). Risk and protective factors for mental disorders with onset in childhood/adolescence: An umbrella review of published meta-analyses of observational longitudinal studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.002

Takagi, H. (2021). Risk and protective factors of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(2), 649-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26427

Tan, C. Y., Lyu, M., & Peng, B. (2020). Academic benefits from parental involvement are stratified by parental socioeconomic status: A meta-analysis. Parenting, 20(4), 241-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2019.1694836

Truzoli, R., Pirola, V., & Conte, S. (2021). The impact of risk and protective factors on online teaching experience in high school Italian teachers during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37, 940–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12533

Uban, K. A., Kan, E., Wozniak, J. R., Mattson, S. N., Coles, C. D., & Sowell, E. R. (2020). The relationship between socioeconomic status and brain volume in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14(85), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00085

Verger, N. B., Urbanowicz, A., Shankland, R., & McAloney-Kocaman, K. (2021). Coping in isolation: Predictors of individual and household risks and resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), Article 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100123Get

Vos, L. M., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021). Optimism, mindfulness, and resilience as potential protective factors for the mental health consequences of fear of the coronavirus. Psychiatry Research, 300, 113927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113927

Wall, C. R. G. (2020). Relationship over reproach: Fostering resilience by embracing a trauma-informed approach to elementary education. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1737292

Wang, M. T., Henry, D. A., Scanlon, C. L., Del Toro, J., & Voltin, S. E. (2022). Adolescent psychosocial adjustment during COVID-19: An intensive longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2021.2007487

Werbart, T. A., Sorjonen, K., Runeson, B., & Rydelius, P. A. (2020). Who Is at risk of dying young from suicide and sudden violent death? Common and specific risk factors among children, adolescents, and young adults. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(4), 757-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12614

Wolfowicz, M., Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (2021). Cognitive and behavioral radicalization: A systematic review of the putative risk and protective factors. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17(3), e1174.  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cl2.1174

Wolfova, K., Kucera, M., & Cermakova, P. (2021). Risk and protective factors of neurocognitive disorders in older adults in Central and Eastern Europe: A systematic review of population-based studies. PloS one, 16(11), Article e0260549. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260549

Younas, F., & Gutman, L. M. (2023). Parental risk and protective factors in child maltreatment: A systematic review of the evidence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(5), 3697-3714. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221134634

Zhang, J. J., Dong, X., Liu, G. H., & Gao, Y. D. (2022). Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and mortality. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5

Zych, I., Farrington, D. P., Llorent, V. J., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. P. (2021). Childhood risk and protective factors as predictors of adolescent bullying roles. International journal of Bullying Prevention, 3(2), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-020-00068-1

Other Resources

Academy for Brain Health and Performance. (2021). Lifestyle Medicine for the Brain-Introduction Course. https://www.brainhealthandperformance.com/lifestyle-medicine-course

Date of last update: 15-Dec-2022 CB

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