✱ Tone numbers ⟨1 2 3, 4 5 6⟩, or visually {‾ / ‒, _ ⸝ ⎽}, = ⁵⁵ ²⁵ ³³, ¹¹ ²³ ²², where ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ are canonically G₂ A₂ B₂ C₃ D₃, sol la ti do re. 𝘕𝘰 falling elements in realisation are tonemic.

━𝚜𝚘⁵ 1→1 | ↗︎2

━𝚏𝚊⁴

━𝚖𝚒³ 3→3 | ↗︎5

━𝚛𝚎² 2↗︎ | 5↗︎ | 6→6

━𝚍𝚘¹ 4→4

✲ ⟨‒⟩: tone modified to; ⟨+⟩: additional tone.

✱ Bracketing or formatting (𝓮𝓰 italic, superscript, capital) is 𝘳𝘦𝘥𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘵.

✲ Highly internalised xenophones ⟨r, zh, ch, sh⟩, 𝓮𝓰 𝙍𝘢𝘺 rei1; 𝙅 zhei1; 𝙘𝙝𝘦𝘤𝘬 chek1; 𝙨𝙝𝘢𝘳𝘦 she1 aa4.

ᴺᴼᵀᴱ ⟨ ⟩ graphemic indication; [ ] phonetic transcription

▲ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇɴᴛs回目次▲

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟭. 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗹𝗲

壹、弁言

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

✲ For beginners of 𝘑𝘺𝘶𝘵𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘨, READ EVERY SINGLE LETTER METICULOUSLY, REGARD THEM AS INDIVIDUALS AT ANY TIME, AND ERASE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH WORDS AND ROMANISED CANTONESE PROPER NAMES UNLESS ILLUSTRATED AS FOLLOWS.

✲ To monoliterates and monoglots: LETTERS ARE READ DIFFERENTLY ACROSS SCRIPTS, AND SCRIPTS DO HAVE LETTERS ALIKE; A LETTER HAS ITS CONTEXT UPON HUMANS’ DISCERNMENT, A LETTER HAS NO CONTEXT UPON HUMANS’ DISCERNMENT; TRANSIENCE COMPLICATES, COMPLICATION TRANSITS: 𝓮𝓰 НК СОР — COP.

▲ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇɴᴛs回目次▲

𝟮. 𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

in 𝘑𝘺𝘶𝘵𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘨 [⎽ɥyˑt̚ ‒pheŋ] /⎽jyːt ‒pheŋ/ jyut6 ping3

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟸.𝟷.⠀✱ ⟨j⟩: ALWAYS as in 𝙮𝘦𝘴, precisely as German 𝙟𝘢 and IPA [j].

𝟸.𝟸.⠀✱ ⟨yu⟩: like 𝙮𝙤𝙪, 𝘧𝙚𝙬, as in French 𝘵𝙪, or IPA [y]. ⟨y⟩ shall NEVER be regarded as a separate letter as it appears exclusively in polygraphs as a modifier.

✲ ⟨oe, eo⟩: like 𝘧𝙪𝙧, 𝘱𝘩𝙤𝘯𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘴, French 𝘧𝘭𝙚𝙪𝘳, 𝘧𝙚𝙪, or IPA [ɞː, ɵ].

✲ ⟨i, u⟩: as in 𝘴𝙚𝙚, 𝘴𝙪𝙚, 𝘣𝘶𝘵 in ⟨-ik, -ing; -uk, -ung⟩ they are like 𝘴𝙖𝘬𝘦, 𝘴𝙖𝙞𝘯𝘵; 𝘴𝙤𝙖𝘬, 𝘴𝙚𝙬𝘯; 𝓬𝓯 負皮 fu6 pei4 — 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 (𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘, originally ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠) (malapropistic portmanteau from 負評 with, and homophone of, 腐皮 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 dried tofu skin) a negative comment/review — being from 負評 fu6 ping4 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛 a negative comment/review; 𝓬𝓯 仲乜 zung6 mat1 𝑎𝑑𝑣 (𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) (lead assimilation of 做乜 zou6 mat1) how come.

✲ ⟨aa, a, e, o⟩: like 𝘴𝘱𝙖, 𝘣𝙪𝘴, 𝘺𝙚𝘴, 𝘭𝙖𝙬.

✲ Expect the nuclei ⟨aa, a, e, eo, o, i, u⟩ to be followed by ⟨i, u⟩, with ⟨-eoi⟩ being lip-rounded throughout, as [ɞʏ], somewhat like German 𝘋𝙚𝙪𝘵𝘴𝘤𝘩 (2ⁿᵈ half).

𝟸.𝟹.⠀✱ ⟨m, ng⟩ alone are intense (‘syllabic’): 𝘳𝘩𝘺𝘵𝘩𝙢, German 𝘞𝘢𝘨𝙚𝙣; ⟨hm, hng⟩ are voiceless-pre-nasalised intense nasals: [m̥m̩, ŋ̊ŋ̍]. They may rhyme with ⟨-u⟩, diachronically and synchronically.

✲ ⟨ng-⟩ is tendentially ⟨ -⟩ [∅, ʔ] in casual speech (𝓪𝓵𝓼𝓸 rap), whereas it remains ⟨ng-⟩ [ŋ] in careful speech (𝓪𝓵𝓼𝓸 non-vernacular verse & chorus) and where, even in casual speech, preferred are a liaison smoother than [ʔ] and a syllable divider clearer than [∅] especially following an open syllable, somewhat comparable to the English -r-, the Korean -n-, and the French -t-; ⟨ -⟩ is hypercorrected as [ŋ] by some.

✲ ⟨n-⟩ is tendentially ⟨l-⟩ [l] in casual speech (𝓪𝓵𝓼𝓸 rap), whereas it remains ⟨n-⟩ [n] in careful speech (𝓪𝓵𝓼𝓸 non-vernacular verse & chorus); ⟨l-⟩ is hypercorrected as [n] by some.

✲ ⟨z, c⟩: like 𝘤𝘢𝙩𝙨 (or German 𝘚𝙯𝘦𝘯𝘦), 𝘤𝘢𝙩𝙨 𝙝𝘪𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 (or Czech 𝙘𝘦𝘯𝘢), or IPA [ʦ, ʦh].

✲ ⟨-p, -t, -k⟩, as in 𝘢𝙥𝘵, 𝘈𝙩𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘴, 𝘢𝙘𝘵.

𝟸.𝟺.⠀✲ ⟨gui, kui⟩ are simplified spellings of ⟨gwui, kwui⟩ as they are predominantly pronounced with a salient approximant [w], while ⟨gun⟩ is itself: 𝓮𝓰 攰 gui6 [⎽kwʊˑi, ⎽kwʊˑy], 賄 kui2 [/khwʊˑi, /khwʊˑy], 官 gun1 [‾kuːn].

𝟸.𝟻.⠀✱ Tone numbers ⟨1 2 3, 4 5 6⟩ = pitch numbers ⁵⁵ ²⁵ ³³, ¹¹ ²³ ²² (or {‾ / ‒, _ ⸝ ⎽} visually), where the pitch levels ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ are canonically G₂ A₂ B₂ C₃ D₃, sol la ti do re. 𝓲𝓮 1ʳᵉ 2ˡᵃ⁻ʳᵉ 3ᵗⁱ, 4ˢᵒˡ 5ˡᵃ⁻ᵗⁱ 6ˡᵃ, perhaps mnemonically rei1 lei2 ti3, sou4 laai5 laa6 (or, in Movable Do, 1ˢᵒˡ 2ʳᵉ⁻ˢᵒˡ 3ᵐⁱ, 4ᵈᵒ 5ʳᵉ⁻ᵐⁱ 6ʳᵉ), or, in an utterance, 超緊要人有事 ciu1 gan2 jiu3 jan4 jau5 si6 ❛[It is] exceedingly/super･{tensely･needed}=important･[that the bad] person･{have･matter/incident}=be not fine.❜

✲ Pitch range is not absolute but relative; individual and registerial variations are also possible.

✲ There are four 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 tones ⟨1 3 4 6⟩ and two 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 tones ⟨2 5⟩. The gliding element of low-falling ²¹ [˨˩] as a possible realisation of tone ⟨4⟩ by some is 𝘯𝘰𝘵 tonemic. ⟨2 5⟩ can be ³⁵ ¹³ without hampering intelligibility and acceptability.

✲ ⟨‒⟩: tone modified to (𝓲𝓮 realised tone); ⟨+⟩: additional tone or intonational/melodic tone (𝓲𝓮 tune).

✲ Diachronically, zero initial ⟨ -⟩ [∅, ʔ] goes with ⟨1 2 3⟩, and ⟨ng-⟩ [ŋ] with ⟨4 5 6⟩; ⟨ng⟩-initial syllables toned ⟨1 2 3⟩ are from ⟨g-⟩.

✲ ⟨2⟩ is tendentially realised as ⟨5⟩ in Macau Cantonese.

𝟸.𝟼.⠀✲ Each number-ending unspaced sequence canonically makes one syllable thus one Han character thus one Cantonese word that may rhyme with another.

✲ All the Unicode characters used are producible simply using the US keyboard layout (𝓲𝓮 ASCII characters; American Standard Code for Information Interchange).

𝟸.𝟽.⠀✱ Bracketing or formatting (𝓮𝓰 italic, superscript, capital) is 𝘯𝘰𝘵 necessary.

𝟸.𝟾.⠀✲ Highly internalised xenophones ⟨r, zh, ch, sh⟩ [ɻᴮʳᴱ, ɹᴬᵐᴱ; ʧ; ʧh; ʃ], 𝓮𝓰 𝙍𝘢𝘺 rei1; 𝙅 zhei1; 𝙘𝙝𝘦𝘤𝘬 chek1; 𝙨𝙝𝘢𝘳𝘦 she1 aa4; they might be further naturalised into ⟨w, ↓l; z; c; s⟩. Both [ɻ, ɹ] are 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 and 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑.

✲ As such, ⟨z, c, s⟩ [ʦ, ʦh, s] (‘ʦ̪, ʦ̪ʰ, s̪’) being 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 (and with a 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑝) is becoming bookish, unnatural and exaggerated compared with [tꞩ, tꞩh, ꞩ] (‘ʦ̪̱, ʦ̪̱ʰ, s̪̠’) 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖-𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 (and with a 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑝), 𝓮𝓰 宗數 zung1 sou3 [‾tꞩoŋ –ꞩσʊ, ↕︎‾ʦoŋ –sσʊ], 措施 cou3 si1 [–tꞩhσʊ ‾ꞩiː, ↕︎–ʦhσʊ ‾siː], 收拾 sau1 sap6 [‾ꞩɐʊ ⎽ꞩɐp̚, ↕︎‾sɐʊ ⎽sɐp̚], although the difference can be subtle to some ears. These three can be [tʆ, tʆh, ʆ] (‘t̻͡ʃʲ, t̻͡ʃʲʰ, ʃ̻ʲ’) (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜-)𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜-𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 before non-back rounded vowels ⟨yu, oe, eo⟩, where ⟨j⟩ is [ɥ] as well.

✲ In contrast, the English ⟨d, t⟩ [〾d̩, 〾t̩h] (‘d̺, t̺ʰ’), being 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟, sound salient as an affected realisation, 𝓮𝓰 of a mixed Hongkonger (half American, half Thai, &𝓬), a second-generation overseas Hongkonger, a homecoming Hongkonger, or one adopting a foreign accent, compared with the native ⟨d, t⟩ [t, th] (‘t̪, t̪ʰ’) being 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙.

✲ Loanwords having extended rhymes, 𝓮𝓰 𝘞𝙞𝙣𝘬𝘢 wijng1 kaa4 – wing1 kaa4; 𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 bu6 tijk1, bou6 tijk1, 𝘚𝙞𝘤𝘢 sijk1 kaa4; 𝘨𝙞𝙧𝙡 goe1 lou4, goeu1; 𝘸𝙤𝙧𝙡𝘥 woeu1; 𝘧𝙞𝙧𝙢 foem1; 𝘩𝙚𝙧𝙗 hoep1; 𝘵𝙪𝙧𝙣 toen1; 𝘧𝙤𝙧𝙢 fom1; 𝘤𝙤𝙥y cop1; 𝘧𝙤𝙖𝙢 foum1, feom1 – fung1; 𝘩𝙤𝙥𝙚 houp1, heop1; 𝘻𝙤𝙤𝙢 ↑zsum1, sum1; 𝘭𝙤𝙤𝙥 lup1; 𝘓𝙪𝙠𝙚 luwk1 – luk1. (Also extended herein with ⟨zs⟩ for [z], ⟨ij⟩ for a definite ⟨i⟩, and ⟨uw⟩ for a definite ⟨u⟩.)

✲ Extensions herein may further include ⟨` (backtick), hv, ls; ej, eq; 9⟩ for [ʔ, ʋ, ɬ; e, ə; ˦˨ (⁴²)], and ⟨-j-, -w-⟩ as medials as well, as in 釣 `jeu3, 多 `wo3, 話 hvaa9(+1), 三 lsaam3, 冧 lejm3, 屋 `eqk1 in the Hoisanese dialect, Yue language (sub-branch; often also ‘Cantonese’), Chinese languages (sub-branch group), Sinitic languages (branch), Sino-Tibetan languages (family); there may also be ⟨mb, nd, mg⟩ for the potential pre-nasalised voiced stops [~b, ~d, ~ɡ]. (A vowel modified by ⟨-q⟩ is 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 towards mid-central.)

𝟸.𝟿.⠀✲ Latin letter names: 𝗔 𝗮 ei1; 𝗕 𝗯 ↑bbi1, bi1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 boi1 (from 𝘣𝘰𝘺); 𝗖 𝗰 si1; 𝗗 𝗱 ↑ddi1, di1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 dok1 (from 𝘥𝘰𝘨); 𝗘 𝗲 i1, ↓ji1; 𝗙 𝗳 ef1 fu4, ef1; 𝗚 𝗴 ↑zzhi1, zhi1, ↓zhyu1, ↓zyu1, ↓↓zi1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 goe1 lou4 (from 𝘨𝘪𝘳𝘭); 𝗛 𝗵 ↑eich1, ik1 chyu4, ik1 cyu4, ik1-ch; 𝗜 𝗶 aai1; 𝗝 𝗷 ↑zzhei1, zhei1; 𝗞 𝗸 kei1; 𝗟 𝗹 ↑el1 (better spelt elq1, see below), e1 lou4, eu1; 𝗠 𝗺 em1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 daai6 em1 (from 大𝘔, two apexes wide); 𝗡 𝗻 en1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 sai3 en1 (from 細𝘕, one apex wide); 𝗢 𝗼 ou1; 𝗣 𝗽 pi1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 pit1 taa4 (from 𝘗𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳); 𝗤 𝗾 ↑kju1, kiu1; 𝗥 𝗿 ↑aa1, aar1, aa1 lou4, aau1; 𝗦 𝘀 es1 si4, es1; 𝗧 𝘁 ti1, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 tom1 mi4 (from 𝘛𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘺); 𝗨 𝘂 ju1; 𝗩 𝘃 ↑vi1, bvi1, wi1; 𝗪 𝘄 dap1 bi4 ju4, dap1 bou4 ju4, dap1; 𝗫 𝘅 ik1 si4, ik1-s, 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 gaau1 caa1 (from 交叉), ￫ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 kaau1 caa1; 𝗬 𝘆 waai1; 𝗭 𝘇 ↑zsedd1, ji6 set1, set1, ↑zsi1.

✲ Further extended with ⟨bb, dd, gg, zzh, v, bv⟩ for [b, d, ɡ, ʤ, v, pf], where [pf] is ‘unaspirated’ 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.

𝟸.𝟷𝟶.⠀✲ Greek letter names: 𝝖 𝝰 ↑aal1 faa4, ↑ael1 faa4, aau1 faa4, eu1 faa4; 𝝗 𝝱 bei1 taa4; 𝝘 𝝲 gaa1 maa4; 𝝙 𝝳 ↑ddel1 taa4, deu1 taa4; 𝝚 𝝴 ep1 si4 lon4; 𝝛 𝝵 ↑zsi1 taa4, si1 taa4; 𝝜 𝝶 i1 taa4; 𝝝 𝝷 ↑thi1 taa4, fi1 taa4; 𝝞 𝝸 jo1 taa4, aai6 ou1 taa4; 𝝟 𝝹 gaap1 paa4, kaap1 paa4; 𝝠 𝝺 laam1 daa4; 𝝡 𝝻 miu1, mu1; 𝝢 𝝼 niu1, nu1; 𝝣 𝝽 ka6 si1, ka6 saai1, ↑zsaai1 – saai1; 𝝤 𝝾 o1 mi4 kron4, ou1 mi4 kron4; 𝝥 𝝿 paai1; 𝝦 𝞀 rou1, ro1, ↓lou1, ↓lo1; 𝝨 𝞂 𝞁 sik1 maa4; 𝝩 𝞃 taau1; 𝝪 𝞄 up1 si4 lon4, ap1 si4 lon4, jup1 si4 lon4; 𝝫 𝞅 faai1; 𝝬 𝞆 kaai1; 𝝭 𝞇 pa6 si1, pa6 saai1, saai1; 𝝮 𝞈 ou6 mei1 gaa4, ou6 mi1 gaa4.

✲ Further extended with ⟨ae⟩ for [æ], and ⟨th⟩ for [θ].

𝟸.𝟷𝟷.⠀✲ Cyrillic letter names (Russian): А а aa1; Б б ↑bbe1, be1; В в ↑ve1, bve1, we1; Г г ↑gge1, ge1; Д д ↑dde1, de1; Е е je1; Ё ё jo1; Ж ж ↑zshqe1, zshe1; З з ↑zse1, se1; И и i1; Й й i6 graat1 gai4, i6 kraat1 kai4; К к gaa1, kaa1; Л л ↑ely1, ↑elq1, eu1; М м em1; Н н en1; О о o1; П п be1, pe1; Р р er1; С с es1; Т т de1, te1; У у u1; Ф ф ef1; Х х ↑khaa1, haa1; Ц ц ze1, ce1; Ч ч cye1; Ш ш ↑shqaa1, shaa1; Щ щ sysyaa1; Ъ ъ ↑tvyor1 ddiyi4 zsnaakk4, ti6 fi6 jo(r)1 di4 snaak4; Ы ы iy1; Ь ь ↑myaehy1 ggyi4 zsnaakk4, mi6 je(h)1 gi4 snaak4; Э э e1; Ю ю ju1; Я я jaa1.

✲ Further extended with ①❱ ⟨zshq, zsh, lq, kh, shq⟩ for [ʒ̴ (‘ʒˠ’), ʒ, ɫ, x, ʃ̴ (‘ʃˠ’)], ②❱ ⟨ly, cy, sysy, vy, my, hy, ggy⟩ for [l͏̧ (‘l̻ʲ’), tʆh (‘t̻͡ʃʲʰ’), ʆʆ (‘ʃ̻ʲʃ̻ʲ’), v̧ (‘vʲ’), m̧ (‘mʲ’), ḩ, ɟ], and thus ⟨zy⟩ for [tʆ], ③❱ ⟨iy⟩ here for [ɨ, ᵻ], with ⟨i~iy⟩ and ⟨yu~u⟩ being 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡~𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 and analogous spelling-wise, ④❱ ⟨-kk⟩ for a final ⟨k⟩ that is 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘺 exploded and ‘aspirated’ as [kh] (‘kʰ’) — 𝓲𝓮 followed by the corresponding (voiceless) 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 [h, ɦ] — instead of ⟨-k⟩ [k͏̚], and by analogy there are ⟨-pp, -tt⟩ as well, and ⑤❱ ⟨r⟩ here also for [ɾ].

𝟸.𝟷𝟸.⠀✲ Mandarin Chinese Bopomofo letters: ㄅ ↑bwo1, bo1; ㄆ ↑pwo1, po1; ㄇ ↑mwo1, mo1; ㄈ ↑fwo1, fo1; ㄉ ↑doj1, da1; ㄊ ↑toj1, ta1; ㄋ ↑noj1, na1; ㄌ ↑loj1, la1; ㄍ ↑goj1, ga1; ㄎ ↑koj1, ka1; ㄏ ↑khoj1, ha1; ㄐ zyi1; ㄑ cyi1; ㄒ syi1; ㄓ ↑zxiy1, zciy1; ㄔ ↑cxiy1, cciy1; ㄕ ↑sxiy1, sciy1; ㄖ ↑rxiy1, hziy1; ㄗ ziy1; ㄘ ciy1; ㄙ siy1; ㄧ ji1, -j-; ㄨ wu1, -w-; ㄩ jyu1, -jv-; ㄚ aa1; ㄛ o1; ㄜ ↑oj1, a1; ㄝ e1; ㄞ aai1; ㄟ ei1; ㄠ aau1; ㄡ ou1; ㄢ aan1 (but ㄧㄢ jen1, -jen; ㄩㄢ jven1, -jven); ㄣ ↑ojn1, an1 (but ㄧㄣ jin1, -in; ㄩㄣ jyun1, -yun); ㄤ aang1; ㄥ ↑ojng1, ang1 (but ㄧㄥ jijng1, -ijng; ㄨㄥ ↑wojng1, wang1, -ung; ㄩㄥ jung1, -jung); ㄦ ojr1, ar1 (precisely oj-jl1, ajl1); ㄭ iy1; and tone marks: 𝓮𝓰 ㄇㄚ(ˉ) maa1; ㄇㄚˊ maa2; ㄇㄚˇ maa40, maa4, maa5; ㄇㄚˋ maa9; ˙ㄇㄚ maa0 (ma3, ma4, ma1).

✲ Further extended with ①❱ ⟨oj⟩ [〾ɤ] as the 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 counterpart of ⟨ej⟩ [e] which is ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟-𝑚𝑖𝑑 — distinct from ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟-𝑙𝑜𝑤 ⟨ey, e⟩ [ʌ, ɛ] which are spelling-wise analogous to ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ ⟨iy, i⟩ [ɯ, ɨ; i] — both 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑, as hinted by the post-modifier ⟨-j⟩, in contrast with ⟨-w⟩, 𝓲𝓮 ⟨ow, ew⟩ [o, ø], distinct from ⟨o, oe⟩ [ɔ, œ]; ②❱ ⟨jv⟩ for the 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 counterpart of ⟨j⟩ (think of it as ‘jw’ but simpler, also as the approximant version of ⟨yu⟩, like ⟨j⟩ of ⟨i⟩); ③❱ ⟨zx, cx, sx; rx⟩ for the ‘retroflex’-like 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 [tʂ, tʂh, ʂ; 〾ﺡ (‘ɻ’)], all 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝘯𝘰𝘳 lateralised (∴ rx ≠ r), plus ⟨zc, cc, sc; hz⟩ their ‘less rolled’ 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 counterparts [〾ts̩, 〾ts̩h, 〾s̩; ꞇ] especially in Taiwanese Mandarin (and thus ⟨ddc, tc⟩ precisely for English ⟨d, t⟩, ⟨rc⟩ precisely for 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑝 like in Greek and Russian, and ⟨hz⟩ occurs in Thai, too), whereas ④❱ ⟨-r⟩ here as a coda ⓐ› is equivalent to a 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖-𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 [〾ɰ̡] (where ‘[〾 ̡ ]’ is graphically analogous to ‘[ɹ]’) and ⓑ› is correspondingly realised as a 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘-𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 (𝓲𝓮 provelar) vocoid that 𝘪𝘴 thusly lateralised, 𝓮𝓰 [〾ɤ̡] (∴ jl ≈ r), and ⓒ› does, if the original diphthong has a 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 second element, lose its unroundedness and become assimilated, 𝓮𝓰 into [〾ෆ͏‌̡], and ⓓ› does, iff the original coda is ‘ng’, become 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 (same to the preceding vocoid; and ‘ng’ is assimilated intervocalically), 𝓲𝓮 ⟨-nnr⟩ from ‘-ngr’ (particularly ⟨-jojnnr⟩ from ‘-ijngr’: segmented -j·oj·nn·r ￩ -∅·ij·ng·r), 𝘣𝘶𝘵 ⟨-ar⟩ from ‘-aar, -aair, -aanr’, ⟨-jar⟩ from ‘-jaar, -jenr’, ⟨-jvar⟩ from ‘-jvenr’, ⟨-war⟩ from ‘-waar, -waair, -waanr’, ⟨-ojr⟩ from ‘-ojr, -eir, -ojnr, -iyr’, ⟨-jojr⟩ from ‘ir, inr’, ⟨-jvojr⟩ from ‘-yur, -yunr’ (segmented -jv·oj·∅·r ￩ -∅·yu₍·n₎·r), ⟨-wojr⟩ from ‘-ur, -weir, -wojnr’, and the rest of ⟨-r⟩ simply from ‘-r’, and therefore ⑤❱ ⟨-nn⟩ for nasalisation; ⑥❱ ⟨9⟩ for ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 as well; ⑦❱ ⟨0⟩ for the 𝑚𝑖𝑑 level of pitch when paired with level tone numbers, alone it’s 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 stress and may assimilate.

✲ The apicality (dentality) and ‘retroflexity’ (postalveolarity) of the tonosyllables (小韻) ⟨(z-c-s)iy⟩ and ⟨(zx-cx-sx-rx)iy⟩ exceed the phonetic space of vocoids — (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙,) middorsum: 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙, 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙, postdorsum: 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 (and 𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟) — so much so that they are incompetent as parameters to define vocoids. While in the former syllable it is simply [ɯ] /ɯ/ by considering only the body of the tongue (dorsum), in the latter it is [〾ɯ̡] /ɯ/ having the aforementioned coarticulation, which is 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 as such (𝓲𝓮 according to 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 approximant: 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 as well, and [ɯ] being 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘-𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 per se, which is provelar), instead of resorting to the 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 (𝓲𝓮 ‘syllabic’) approximants [ẟ̩, 〾ﺡٰ] where the former is non-dorsal (dental) and the latter non-lateralised (as stated), or ‘[ɹ̩, ɻ̩]’ which are non-provelar (prevelar and postalveolar respectively), let alone the superficially unrigorous ‘[ɿ, ʅ]’.

▲ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇɴᴛs回目次▲

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟯. 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹𝘀 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗻

叁、本篇所用其他符號

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝓬𝓯 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛) cōnfer 比照 (= compare)

𝓮𝓰 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛) exemplī grātiā 舉隅 (= for example)

&𝓬 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛) et cetera 等等 (= and so on)

𝓲𝓮 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛) id est 卽 (= that is)

$ syllable 音節

𝙏𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 記法類型

⟨ ⟩ graphemic indication 字位標示

/ / phonᴇᴍic transcription 音位標音

[ ] phonᴇᴛic transcription 音素標音

↑ more refined realisation 較琢磨的口音

↓ less refined realisation 少琢磨的口音

↕︎ intentional realisation, often exaggerated 刻意的口音, 聽來難免誇張

– further naturalised pronunciation 更歸化讀音

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￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟰. 𝗘𝘅𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀

of English in Hongkongese accent

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙝 𝙒𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙎𝙪𝙣

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak.

They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.

Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him;

and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak.

And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

doe6 nof1 win1 en6 doe6 san1 woe6 aa6 dis6 biu1 ting1 wich1 wos6 doe6 szhrong1 gaa4, wen6 aa6 chraa1 fou1 laa1 ↑keim1/kem1 aa6 long1 rep1 dat1 in6 aa6 wom1 ↑kloukk1/kluk1.

dei6 aa6 gri1 dat1 det1 doe6 wan1 hu6 foes1-c sak6 si1 dat1 in6 ↑meik1/mik1 king1 doe6 chraa1 fou1 laa1 ↑teikk1/tik1 his6 ↑kloukk1/kluk1 of1 shut6 bi6 ↑kan6/kon6 si1 daad1 (or daa1 dat1) szhrong1 gaa1 den6 di6 aa1 daa4.

den2 doe6 nof1 win1 blu1 es6 haat1 as6 hi6 kut1, bat6 doe6 mo1 aa1 hi6 blu1 doe6 mo1 aa1 klous1 li1 dit6 doe6 chraa1 fou1 laa1 foud1 his6 ↑kloukk1/kluk1 aa6 ↑raaun1/raang1 him4;

en6 et6 laas1-c doe6 nof1 win1 geif1 ap1 di6 et6 tem1-c. den2 doe6 san1 ↑shoun1/shung1 au1 wom1 li4, en6 im6 mi1 di1 at1-c li1 doe6 chraa1 fou1 laa1 tuk1 of1 his6 ↑kloukk1/kluk1.

en6 sou1 doe6 nof1 win1 wos6 ↑a6/op6 blaaizh1 dat1 cu6 ↑kan6/kon6 fes1 det1 doe6 san1 wos6 doe6 szhrong1 gaa1 of6 doe6 cu1. (The final ⟨-d⟩ is an exploded final [t] instead of [t̚] but still not voiced [d].)

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙮 𝘽𝙞𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙙𝙖𝙮 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨

Happy birthday to you

Happy birthday, dear/to [NAME]

/ Happy birthday, happy birthday

Happy birthday to you

hep4 pi4 boef6 dei4 cu3 ju6

hep4 pi4 boef6 dei4 cu1 ju3

hep4 pi4 boef1 dei1 di3 aa3 $6 $4

/ hep4 pi4 boef1 dei1 cu3 $6 $4

/ hep4 pi4 boef1 dei1 hep3 pi3 boef6 dei4

hep1 pi1 boef1 dei3 cu1 ju3

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙇𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚 𝙄𝙨 𝙁𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘿𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨

London Bridge is falling down

Falling down, falling down

London Bridge is falling down

My fair lady

lan3 dan1 (or leon3 deon1) brizh1 is3 fo6 ling3 daang1

fo4 ling6 daang3

fo6 ling3 daang1

lan3 dan1 (or leon3 deon1) brizh1 is3 fo6 ling3 daang1

maai6 fe1 aa1 lei1 di3

𝙏𝙝𝙚 ❛有隻雀仔跌落水❜ 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨

有隻雀仔跌落水

跌落水．跌落水

有隻雀仔跌落水

被水沖去

jau3 zek1 zoek1 zai3 dit6 lok3 seoi1

dit4 lok6 seoi3

dit6 lok3 seoi1

jau3 zek1 zoek1 zai3 dit6 lok3 seoi1

bei6 seoi1 cung1 heoi3

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￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟱. 𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝙅𝙮𝙪𝙩𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝗲𝙓𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗻

伍、本篇擴充粵拼凡例

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟻.𝟷.⠀✲ Let C denote a consonant letter and V denote a vowel letter.

𝙀𝙭𝙩𝙧𝙖 𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙣𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙨

(monographs and doubles, mostly monophonic)

𝟻.𝟸.𝟷.⠀✲ ⟨`⟩, the backtick, denotes 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 [ʔ]; use ⟨7⟩ instead where problematic, 𝓮𝓰 in glyph names of a font.

✲ Bʀᴏᴀᴅ gliding tones: ⟨8⟩ denotes 𝑙𝑜𝑤-𝑡𝑜-ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ and ⟨9⟩ ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ-𝑡𝑜-𝑙𝑜𝑤 or ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ-𝑡𝑜-𝑚𝑖𝑑.

✲ ⟨0⟩: by itself, 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 stress (and minimal length and minimal glottal tension), often realised as tone ⟨3⟩ or ⟨4⟩ but may assimilate to ⟨1⟩; when paired, 𝑚𝑖𝑑 (with level tone numbers) or ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 (with gliding tone numbers).

𝟻.𝟸.𝟸.⠀✲ Two or more numerals ⟨1, 2, 3, 4, 5⟩ together denote pitch values of a ᴘɪᴛᴄʜ ɢʀᴏᴜᴘ and 𝘯𝘰 𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘳 tone numbers, 𝓲𝓮 respectively 𝑙𝑜𝑤, ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓-𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑚𝑖𝑑, ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓-ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ, and ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ: 𝓮𝓰 ⟨22⟩ = ²² [⎽, ˨] = ⟨6⟩, ⟨113⟩ = ¹¹³ [_·, ˩˩˧] = ⟨40⟩ ≈ ⟨5⟩.

✱ Letter doubling denotes:

⑴ ᴠᴏɪᴄɪɴɢ, ⟨C ￫ CC⟩: ‘unaspirated’ 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝(𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)𝑠 ⟨b, d, z, g⟩ into 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑑 ones ⟨bb, dd, zz, gg⟩; ⟨h⟩ into 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑑 ⟨hh⟩;

⑵ necessarily ‘aspirated’ ⟨C ￫ CC⟩: 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 codas ⟨-p, -t, -k⟩ followed by the corresponding (voiceless) 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 [h, ɦ];

⑶ more sᴛʀɪᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ, ⟨C ￫ CC⟩: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⟨v⟩ into 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 ⟨vv⟩; 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⟨j⟩ into 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⟨jj⟩; 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⟨r⟩ into 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 ⟨rr⟩;

⑷ ʟᴇɴɢᴛʜ, ⟨V ￫ VV, Vy ￫ Vyy⟩: 𝓮𝓰 ⟨i⟩ into ⟨ii⟩, ⟨iy⟩ into ⟨iyy⟩, &𝓬; 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 and 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⟨m, l⟩ into 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 (and 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒, 𝓲𝓮 ‘syllabic’) ⟨mm, ll⟩;

⑸ -ɪsᴇᴅ of preceding vowel: ⒜ 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑, ⟨Vn ￫ Vnn⟩; ⒝ 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑑 (‘𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒’), ⟨V` ￫ V``, V7 ￫ V77⟩.

𝙈𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙚𝙧𝙨

(for polygraphs, mostly monophonic)

𝟻.𝟹.𝟷.⠀✱ ⟨x, y, q⟩ are post-modifiers:

⑴ ⟨Cx⟩ denotes ᴘᴏsᴛᴇʀɪᴏʀɪᴛʏ: ⒜ ‘retroflex’-like 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 or (𝑠𝑢𝑏)𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜-𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 if C is fronter than central (prevelar), 𝓮𝓰 t, d, s, j, and ⒝ 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 if C is backer than central, 𝓮𝓰 k, g, h, w, except ⒞ it denotes ʙɪʟᴀʙɪᴀʟ ꜰʀɪᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ɴᴏɪsᴇ of 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 and 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 C: ⟨p, b, bb, hm⟩ into 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 ⟨px, bx, bbx⟩ and 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⟨hmx⟩, and, by extension, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⟨hmpx⟩ (compounded of hm + px), the last two produced by blowing the nose, clear and congested;

⑵ ⟨Cy⟩ ᴘᴀʟᴀᴛᴀʟɪᴛʏ (middorsal): 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 or 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜-𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 (or 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑); ⟨Vy⟩ ɴᴏɴ-ꜰʀᴏɴᴛ, 𝓲𝓮 ⟨iy, ey, ay⟩, canonically 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘-𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙;

⑶ ⟨Cq⟩ ᴜᴠᴜʟᴀʀɪᴛʏ (postdorsal): 𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 (or 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟-/𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟-/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙-𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑); ⟨Vq⟩ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 towards mid-central.

𝟻.𝟹.𝟸.⠀✲ ⟨c⟩, as a post-modifier, denotes:

⑴ 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 C from dental C: ⟨t, d, c, z, th, dh, s, zs⟩ into 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⟨tc, dc, cc, zc, thc, dhc, sc, zsc⟩, &𝓬, 𝓬𝓯 𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵 instinctively naturalised as ⟨ten1-c⟩, where ⟨t-⟩ imitates initial 𝘵- which sounds more like a stop C and ⟨-c⟩ imitates final -𝘵 which sounds more like a stopstrictive C for its syllable-final lenis laryngeal approximant [h]; and

⑵ precisely an 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑝 ⟨rc⟩ (and ⟨hc⟩ for voiceless), distinguished from 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 ⟨rr⟩, 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜-)𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 ⟨r⟩ [ɻ] ᴮʳᴱ and 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑜-)𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 ⟨r⟩ [ɹ] ᴬᵐᴱ.

𝟻.𝟹.𝟹.⠀✲ ⟨h⟩, as a post-modifier, denotes:

⑴ ᴘʀᴏᴛʀᴜsɪᴏɴ of 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒/𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 C: ⟨c, z, s⟩ into 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜-𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 ⟨ch, zh, sh⟩;

⑵ less sᴛʀɪᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ of 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 C: ⟨p, b, t, d, k, g⟩ into 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⟨ph, bh, th, dh, kh, gh⟩; the 𝘦𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒑(𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆) C ⟨p, b, t, d, c, z, k, g⟩ correspond to 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 C ⟨ph, bh, th, dh, (cs =) s, zs, kh, gh⟩, with ⟨s⟩ for ⟨c, z⟩ instead since ⟨h⟩ has already been used conventionally for ⑴.

✲ ⟨h⟩, as the 𝘰𝘯𝘭𝘺 pre-modifier, denotes ᴠᴏɪᴄᴇʟᴇssɴᴇss of 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 C: ⟨m, n, ng, j, w, r, l⟩ into 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 ⟨hm, hn, hng, hj, hw, hr, hl⟩.

𝟻.𝟹.𝟺.⠀✲ ⟨`⟩, the backtick, as a post-modifier, denotes:

⑴ 𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 C (glottalic egressive) from ‘aspirated’ C: 𝓮𝓰 ⟨p, t, k⟩ into ⟨p`, t`, k`⟩;

⑵ 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 C (glottalic ingressive, pulmonic egressive) from ‘unaspirated’ C: 𝓮𝓰 ⟨b, d, g⟩ into ⟨b`, d`, g`⟩;

⑶ a tone which is 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝓲𝓮 creaky voiced) or 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 (𝓲𝓮 nucleus-internal-laryngeal-stopped): 𝓮𝓰 Vietnamese ⟨2`, 4`⟩.

✲ ⟨``⟩, 𝘥𝘰𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘦 the backtick, as a post-modifier, denotes:

⑴ 𝑑𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 C (lingual ingressive) from ‘aspirated’ C: 𝓮𝓰 ⟨p, tx, k⟩ into ⟨p``, tx``, k``⟩;

⑵ 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 C: 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 ⟨h``⟩, or: 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 ⟨hm``⟩, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 ⟨hng``⟩, 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙 ⟨ph``⟩, 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ⟨f``⟩, 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 ⟨s``⟩, 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⟨sc``⟩, 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ⟨l``⟩, 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⟨sx``⟩, 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜-𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 ⟨sh``⟩, 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 ⟨j``⟩, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⟨kh``⟩, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 ⟨w``⟩, 𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⟨hq``⟩, 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 ⟨hx``⟩, and 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑙 ⟨h``⟩.

𝟻.𝟹.𝟻.⠀✲ For lesser digraphs to be formed, ⟨f, s⟩ and ⟨b, v, z, r, l⟩ can be post-modifiers, 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 and 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑑 respectively, for example, in 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⟨hf, hv⟩, 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 or 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⟨hs, hz⟩, 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑝 ⟨vb⟩, 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑝 ⟨rl⟩, and 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ⟨lr⟩, except in 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 ⟨bv, dz, dl⟩ (𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙, 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑, 𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙), which are 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 following the original graphophonic convention of ‘aspiration’-voicing applied to stops and stopstrictives, 𝓲𝓮 ⟨b, d, z, g⟩ are ‘unaspirated’ voiceless.

𝟻.𝟹.𝟼.⠀✲ ⟨jv⟩ is the 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 counterpart of ⟨j⟩, 𝓬𝓯 Vietnamese 越 Việt (viat4`) and Cantonese 越/粵 jyut6, from Middle Chinese /ɦwjʌt/, from Old Chinese */ɢwad/; ⟨jr⟩ is the 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 counterpart of ⟨w⟩, although rare, and may be simplified as ⟨r⟩. Therefore, we have ⟨j, jv; jr, w⟩ as approximants that correspond to the vowels ⟨i, yu; iy, u⟩.

✲ ⟨j, w⟩, being 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 and 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑, as post-modifiers, are appended to the ᴍɪᴅ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 and 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 vowels ⟨e, o⟩ to form ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟-𝑚𝑖𝑑 counterparts: 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 ⟨ej, ew⟩ and 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 ⟨oj, ow⟩, 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 and 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 in each pair.

𝙋𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝 𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 調值變化

(non-tonemic 不影響聲調位)

✲ Tonemes realised differently, perceived different, but discerned the same. 聲調位讀出來不同，感知上不同，但識別上相同。

$₁{…}$₂ syllable₁ 𝗼𝗿 modified syllable₂ 音節₁或作已變化音節₂: 𝓮𝓰 𝘥𝘰 (𝑀–𝟾𝑣𝑒 dou4{/}dou3 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑛, 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐)

$₁ {…} $₂ syllable₁ + modified syllable₂ 音節₁ + 已變化音節₂

{-} within pitch range 調域之內 (usually unmarked 通常無標)

{/} up by a pitch range 髙一個調域

{\} down by a pitch range 低一個調域

— especially 尤作: {/5}, {\5} ⇩

{/.} up by a half step 髙一個半音

{\.} down by a half step 低一個半音

{/..} up by a whole step 髙一個全音

— or 或作: {/.2} up by two half steps 髙兩個半音

— and 繼而: {/...}, {/.3} up by three half steps 髙三個半音, &𝓬

{\..} down by a whole step 低一個全音

{1} apart by (= sharing) a first/prime (interval) of a scale (同)處於音階裏的首音程 (一度音) (= in unison 同度, 同度音)

{/2} up by a second (interval) of a scale 音階裏髙第二音程 (二度音)

{/3} up by a third (") " 音階裏髙第三音程 (三度音)

{/5} up by a fifth (") " 音階裏髙第五音程 (五度音)

{/8} up by an octave (= eighth interval) of a scale 音階裏髙第八音程 (八度音), &𝓬

{\2} down by a second (") " 音階裏低第二音程 (")

{\3} down by a third (") " 音階裏低第三音程 (")

{\5} down by a fifth (") " 音階裏低第五音程 (")

{\8} down by an octave (") " 音階裏低第八音程 ("), &𝓬

▲ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇɴᴛs回目次▲

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝟲. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘅𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀

陸、外來音素的常見歸化發音

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

✲ See appendices for key to notation. 記法凡例見附錄。

[xenophone] ￫ [naturalisation] ⟨Jyutping⟩

[b] ￫ [p] ⟨b⟩

[d] ￫ [t] ⟨d⟩

[ʤ] ￫ [ʧ] ⟨zh⟩

[ɡ] ￫ [k] ⟨g⟩

[θ] ￫ [f] ⟨f⟩

[ð] ￫ [t] ⟨d⟩

[vl] ￫ [fl] ⟨fl⟩ ⬨ 𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑔 (flok1)

[˳vV] ￫ [ˍf, ߺf, ˍpf, ߺpf] ⟨f…4, f…6, bv…4, bv…6⟩, except ⬨ 𝑉𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑛 (wi1 wi4 an4, fi1 fi4 an4)

[ᑊvV] ￫ [ˉw, ˉpf] ⟨w…1, bv…1⟩

[z] ￫ [ꞩ, s] ⟨s⟩

[˳ʒV] ￫ [ˍʃ, ߺʃ] ⟨sh…4, sh…6⟩ ⬨ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (me1 shoe4)

[ᑊʒV] ￫ [ˉʧ] ⟨zh…1⟩ ⬨ 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑟 (↑bbownn1 zshu3, ↑bbonn1 zshu3, bon6 zhu1)

[ɪC] ￫ [iˑ(p̚, t̚), e(k̚)] ⟨i(p, t), i(k)⟩

[ɪ] ￫ [iː] ⟨i⟩

[ᓑjuː] ￫ [juː] ⟨ju⟩

[Cjuːɫ] ￫ [Cɪˑu] ⟨Ciu⟩ ⬨ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 (mo1 lak4 kiu4)

[Cjuː] ￫ [Cɪˑu] ⟨Ciu⟩

[thj, ʧh; dj, ʤ] + [uːɫ] ￫ [σʊ] ⟨ou⟩ ⬨ 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 (sket1 zhou4)

[uːɫ] ￫ [uː] ⟨u⟩ ⬨ 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 (pu1)

[ɷɫ] ￫ [uː] ⟨u⟩

[σːɫ] ￫ [ɔː] ⟨o⟩

[Vɫ] ￫ [Vʊ, (ɪˑ)u] ⟨Vu⟩

△sᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ回節首△

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𝘚𝘺𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴-𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘥 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘯𝘢𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘥

重音計拍語言歸化後的音節聲調

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𝙏𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 聲調

˳$ 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 ￫ $6

$ᑊ 𝑝𝑟𝑒-𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ￫ $6

ᑊ$ 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 ￫ $1

ᑊ…$ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡-𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ￫ $4

𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙪𝙣𝙚𝙨 臨語調

(= preintoneme 語調位前)

$ᑊ$$… 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $6 $1 $4‒1…

$ᑊ$$ $ᑊ$$… 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $6 $1 $4‒1 $6 $1 $4‒1…

𝙏𝙪𝙣𝙚𝙨 語調

(= intoneme 語調位)

ᑊ$. (⎀ ᑊ$,) 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $1

ᑊ$? 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $1+1

ᑊ$! 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $1, $1+4

$ᑊ$$. (⎀ $ᑊ$$,) (⎀ $ᑊ$$!) 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡-𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $6 $1 $4 ⬨ (⚠) Fuck Joe Biden. Fuck Joe Biden. (𝐴𝑚𝐸 fakk1 zzhou1‒3 bbaai1 ddan4‒3. fakk1 zzhou1‒3 bbaai1 ddan4‒3. ￫ fak1 zhou1 baai1 dan4. fak1 zhou1 baai1 dan4.)

$ᑊ$$? 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐–𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡-𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 ￫ $6 $1 $4+1

𝙏𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 語調組

$ᑊ$$ $ᑊ$$ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒–𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒 ￫ $6 $1 $4‒1 $6 $1 $4

$ᑊ$$ $ᑊ$$ $ᑊ$$ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒–𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒 ￫ $6 $1 $4‒1 $6 $1 $4‒1 $6 $1 $4

✲ For many more code-switching instances and ad hoc uses of foreign words, especially technical: 𝓮𝓰 𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 aa6/aar6 tciq1 kju4 leqtc4 – aa6 tik1 kiu4 lat4/lei4)

▲ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇɴᴛs回目次▲

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀

附錄

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

Appendix 1 附錄 1

₁𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹𝘀

讀音和音標

￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭￭

⇨ Philological Labels 語文學標識 § Units, § Makers

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ᶜᵃⁿ𝐼𝑃𝐴 𝘴𝘺𝘮𝘣𝘰𝘭𝘴

堪能音標的符號

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𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 輔音音素

（㋥㋓＼＼＼＼＼「￢￢︙￢￢￣￣／／／／」㋩）

ㅤ・・・・・・ｓ・ｐ・︙・・・ｒｓ・ｒ・・・

ㅤ・・・・・・・・・・︙🄑・・・⒭・・・・・

ㅤⒷⓑⒹⓓⒶⓡⓡⓒⓢⓢ︙ⓟⓟⓅⓅⓔⓋⓋⓊⓗⓁ C

＋〇〇・・〇〇・・・・︙・〇〇・・〇・〇・・ N: m ɱ ·· n ɳ ⋮ n͏̧ ɲ ·· ŋ · ɴ

－〇・〇・・〇・〇・・︙・〇〇・・〇・〇〇〇 K: p · t ·· ʈ · 〾 ⋮ ţ c ·· k · q ʡ ʔ

＋〇・〇・・〇・〇・・︙・〇〇・・〇・〇〇・ K: b · d ·· ɖ · ȡ ⋮ d͏̧ ɟ ·· ɡ · ɢ 〾

－〇〇〇・〇・・・・・︙・・〇・・〇・〇〇・ X: φ f θ · ƨ ⋮ ç ·· x · χ ħ

＋〇〇〇・〇・・・・・︙・・〇・・〇・〇〇・ X: 〾ß v ð · 〾 ⋮ ʝ ·· ɣ · ʁ 〾

－・・〇〇〇〇・・〇〇︙〇〇・・・・・・・・ S: s ꞩ 〾 ʂ ·· ʃ ʆ ⋮ ɕ ş

＋・・〇〇〇〇・・〇〇︙〇〇・・・・・・・・ S: z ƶ ⱬ ʐ ·· ʒ ʓ ⋮ ʑ z̧

－〇〇〇・〇・・・・・︙・〇〇〇・〇〇〇〇〇 J: ɸ ꜰ ϑ · 〾 ⋮ 〾 ḩ 〾 · ի ƕ 〾〾 h

＋〇〇〇・〇・・・・・︙・〇〇〇・〇〇〇〇〇 J: β ʋ ẟ · ꞇ ⋮ ᴊ j ɥ · ɰ w ᴚ ʢ ɦ

＋・・・・・・〇・・・︙・・・・〇・・・・・ ᒐ: ɻ ⋮ ɹ

＋〇・・・〇〇・・・・︙・〇・・・・・〇・・ R: ʙ ··· r ɽ ⋮ r͏̧ ····· ʀ

＋・〇・・〇・・・・・︙・〇・・・・・・・・ Я: ⱱ ·· ɾ ⋮ ɾ̧

＋・・・・〇〇・〇・・︙・〇〇・・〇・〇・・ L: l ɭ · ȴ ⋮ ļ ʎ ·· L · ʟ

－・・・・〇〇・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ Ɬ: ɬ ꞎ ⋮

＋・・・・〇・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ ᒧ: ɺ ⋮

ㅤ⓪①②②③④④④⑤⑤︙⑥⑥⑦⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩⑪⑫

ㅤ・・・・・・・・・・︙・・￤￤￤￤￤・・・

ㅤ🄥・🄥・🄥・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・

－〇・〇・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ K: ᵱ · ᵵ ⋮

＋〇・〇・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ K: ᵬ · ᵭ ⋮

＋・・・・〇・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ R: ᵲ ⋮

＋・・・・〇・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ L: ɫ ⋮

・・・🄤・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・

－・・〇・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ S: ᵴ ⋮

＋・・〇・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・・ S: ᵶ ⋮

𝙑𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 元音音素

ㅤ￤￤￤￤￤

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ V

Ａ|口口口口口| i ᴉ ɨ ɯ (ш)

Ｂ |口口口口口| ɪ ɩ ᵻ 〾ω (〾)

Ｃ |口口口口口| e ɘ ə 〾ɤ (〾⨲)

Ｄ |口口口口口| ᴇ ⱻ ɜ 〾🜶 (〾ⴳ)

Ｅ |口口口口口| ɛ ꞛ ɐ ʌ 〾⊼

Ｆ |口口口口口| æ ᴀ a ɑ α

ㅤ口０１２３４

ㅤ 〇５６７８９

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ V

Ａ|〇〇〇〇〇| ү y ʉ μ u

Ｂ |〇〇〇〇〇| ч ʏ ᵿ ɷ ʊ

Ｃ |〇〇〇〇〇| 〾ⵚ ø ɵ 〾ෆ o

Ｄ |〇〇〇〇〇| 〾ⵕ 〾⍉ ɞ 〾ᓄ σ

Ｅ |〇〇〇〇〇| 〾ʚe œ ᴔ ʚ ɔ

Ｆ |〇〇〇〇〇| 〾ʚᴇ ɶ 〾ᵷ 〾ᘞ ɒ

𝙏𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 聲調

ㅤㅤ一／＼

丅ㅤ１２３ ¹[‾ ᐨ], ²[ᐟ], ³[–]

丄ㅤ４５６ ⁴[_], ⁵[⸝], ⁶[⎽ ⸜]

工ㅤ・８９ · ⁸[/], ⁹[\ ᐠ]

ㅤㅤ＝＝＝

ｏㅤ・０・ ⁰[⸰]

ㅤㅤｏ一︙一／＼ｏ

丅ㅤｏ１︙１２・ｏ ⁰¹[·‾] (≈[ᐟ]) ⋮ ¹⁰[‾·] (≈[ᐠ]), ²⁰[ᐟᐠ] ·

丄ㅤｏ４︙４５６ｏ ⁰⁴[·_] (≈[⸜]) ⋮ ⁴⁰[_·] (≈[⸝]), ⁵⁰[⸝⸜], ⁶⁰[⸜⸝]

工ㅤｏ・︙・・９ｏ · ⋮ ·· ⁹⁰[ᐠᐟ]

ㅤㅤ🄛ㅤㅤ [ɎɎ̦, Yˀ]: 𝓮𝓰 [‾ɎɎ̦, ‾Yˀ], &𝓬

ㅤㅤ🄖ㅤㅤ [ɎʔɎ, Ỷ]: 𝓮𝓰 [‾ɎʔɎ, ‾Ỷ], &𝓬

ㅤㅤ一／＼

丅ㅤ１`２`３`

丄ㅤ４`５`６`

工ㅤ・８`９`

△sᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ回節首△

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𝘊𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺

粵語庫藏

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𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 輔音音素

（㋥㋓＼＼＼＼￢￢︙￢￣￣／／／／」㋩）

ㅤ・・・・・ｓｐ・︙・・ｒｓ・ｒ・・・

ㅤ・・・・・・・・︙・・・⒭・・・・・

ㅤⒷⓑⒹⓓⒶⓡⓢⓢ︙ⓟⓅⓅⓔⓋⓋⓊⓗⓁ C

＋〇・・・〇・・・︙ｏ・・・〇・・・・ N: 馬 m, 那 n ⋮ °[n͏̧], 瓦 ŋ

－〇・〇・・・・・︙・・・・〇〇・・〇 K: 巴 p, 打 t ⋮ 家 k, 瓜 k̮, 鴉 /∅/ [∅, ʔ]

－〇・〇・・・・・︙・・・・〇〇・・・ Kh: 趴 ph, 他 th ⋮ 卡 kh, 跨 k̮h

－・・〇ｏ・・㊉ｏ︙・・・・・・・・・ KΣ: 渣 ʦ °[tꞩ], ᐩ([ʧ]), °[tʆ]

－・・〇ｏ・・㊉ｏ︙・・・・・・・・・ KΣh: 叉 ʦh °[tꞩh], ᐩ([ʧh]), °[tʆh]

－・〇〇ｏ・・㊉ｏ︙・・・・・・・・・ Σ: 花 f, 沙 s °[ꞩ], ᐩ([ʃ]), °[ʆ]

－・・・・・・・・︙・ｏ・・・・・・〇 J: ⋮ °[ḩ], 蝦 h

＋・・・・・・・・︙・〇ｏ・・〇・・・ J: ⋮ 也 j °[ɥ], 踝 w

＋・・・・・㊉・・︙・・・㊉・・・・・ ᒐ: ᐩ([ɻ]) ⋮ ᐩ([ɹ])

＋・・・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・・ R

＋・・・・〇・・・︙・・・・・・・・・ L: 啦 l ⋮

ㅤ⓪①②②③④⑤⑤︙⑥⑦⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩⑪⑫

ㅤ・・・・・・・・︙・￤￤￤￤￤・・・

/VːKᓑ/ [VˑK̚]

/n, h/ [n͏̧, ḩ] + /iː/

/ʦ, ʦh, s/ [tꞩ, ʦ; tꞩh, ʦh; ꞩ, s]

/ʦ, ʦh, s, j/ [tʆ, tꞩ, ʦ; tʆh, tꞩh, ʦh; ʆ, ꞩ, s; ɥ] + /yː, ɞː, oⒹᓑ, oⒶᓑ, oi/

𝙑𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 元音音素

ㅤ￤￤￤￤￤

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ V

Ａ|口〇・・〇| ⸋/iː/ [iː], ᴼ/yː/ [yː], ᴼ/uː/ [uː]

Ｂ |・・・・・|

Ｃ |口・〇・〇| ⸋/e/ [eŋ, ek̚], ᴼᴼ/o/ [₍om, op̚,₎ ɵn, ɵt̚, oŋ, ok̚]

Ｄ |・・〇・・| ᴼ/ɞː/ [ɞː]

Ｅ |口・口・〇| ⸋/eː/ [ɛː], ⸋/a/ [ɐ], ᴼ/oː/ [ɔː]

Ｆ |・・口・・| ⸋/aː/ [aː]

ㅤ口０１２３４

ㅤ 〇５６７８９

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ Vᴠ

Ａ|ㇿｏ・・・|

Ｂ |ㇿｏ・・〇| ⸌ᴼ/uːi/ [ʊˑi, ʊˑy]

Ｃ |・・・・・|

Ｄ |口・〇・・| ⸌⸋/ei/ [ᴇɪ], ⸌ᴼ/oi/ [ɞʏ]

Ｅ |・・口・〇| ⸌⸋/ai/ [ɐɪ], ⸌ᴼ/oːi/ [ɔˑɪ, ɔˑʏ]

Ｆ |・・口・・| ⸌⸋/aːi/ [aˑɪ]

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ Vᴠ

Ａ|・・・・ｏ|

Ｂ |口・・・ｏ| ⸋⸍/iːu/ [ɪˑu]

Ｃ |・・・・・|

Ｄ |・・㊉・〇| ᐩ⸍([ɜːɫ]￫[ɞˑʊ]), ⸌ᴼ/ou/ [σʊ]

Ｅ |口・口・・| ⸋⸍/eːu/ [ɛˑʊ], ⸋⸍/au/ [ɐʊ]

Ｆ |・・口・・| ⸋⸍/aːu/ [aˑʊ]

𝙏𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 聲調

ㅤㅤ一／＼

丅ㅤ１２３陰: 平 /‾/ (⁵⁵), 上 /// (²⁵), 去 /–/ (³³)

丄ㅤ４５６陽: 平 /_/ (¹¹), 上 /⸝/ (²³), 去 /⎽/ (²²)

工ㅤ・・・

ㅤㅤ＝＝＝

ｏㅤ・・・

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𝘔𝘪𝘥𝘥𝘭𝘦 𝘊𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺

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𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 輔音音素

（㋥㋓＼＼＼￢︙￢￣／／／／」㋩）

ㅤ・・・・・・︙・・・・ｒ・・・

ㅤⒷⓑⒹⒶⓡⓢ︙ⓟⓅⓔⓋⓋⓊⓗⓁ C

＋〇・・〇〇・︙〇・・〇・・・・ N: 明 m, 泥 n, 娘 ɳ ⋮ 日 n͏̧, 疑 ŋ

－〇・〇・〇・︙・・・〇・・・〇 K: 幫 p, 端 t, 知 ʈ ⋮ 見 k, 影 ʔ

－〇・〇・〇・︙・・・〇・・・・ Kh: 滂 ph, 透 th, 徹 ʈh ⋮ 溪 kh

＋〇・〇・〇・︙・・・〇・・・・ K: 並 b, 定 d, 澄 ɖ ⋮ 羣 ɡ

－・・〇・〇〇︙・・・・・・・・ KS: 精 ʦ, 莊 tʂ, 章 tʆ ⋮

－・・〇・〇〇︙・・・・・・・・ KSh: 清 ʦh, 初 tʂh, 昌 tʆh ⋮

＋・・〇・〇〇︙・・・・・・・・ KS: 從 ʣ, 崇 dʐ, 常 dʓ ⋮

－・・〇・〇〇︙・・・・・・・・ S: 心 s, 生 ʂ, 書 ʆ ⋮

＋・・〇・〇〇︙・・・・・・・・ S: 邪 z, 俟 ʐ, 船 ʓ ⋮

－・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・〇 J: ⋮ 曉 h

＋・・・・・・︙・〇・〇〇・・〇 J: ⋮ 以 j, 🄰 -ɰ-, 🄱 -w-, 匣 ɦ–云 ɦj

＋・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・ ᒐ

＋・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・ R

＋・・・㊉・・︙・・・・・・・・ Я: ᐩ(來 ɾ) ⋮

＋・・・〇・・︙・・・・・・・・ L: 來 l ⋮

ㅤ⓪①②③④⑤︙⑥⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩⑪⑫

ㅤ・・・・・・︙・￤￤￤￤・・・

/VːKᓑ/ [VˑK̚]

ᴺᴼᵀᴱ 🄰 二等韻頭; 🄱 合口韻頭

明 mɰjaŋ, 泥 nei, 娘 ɳjaŋ, 日 n͏̧it, 疑 ŋɨ

幫 paŋ, 端 twan, 知 ʈje, 見 ᐠken, 影 ᐟʔɰjaŋ

滂 phaŋ, 透 ᐠthu, 徹 ʈhjet, 溪 khei

並 ᐟbeŋ, 定 ᐠdeŋ, 澄 ɖɨŋ, 羣 ɡjun

精 ʦjeŋ, 莊 tʂjaŋ, 章 tʆjaŋ

清 ʦhjeŋ, 初 tʂhjʌ, 昌 tʆhjaŋ

從 ʣjoŋ, 崇 dʐjuŋ, 常 dʓjaŋ

心 sim, 生 ʂaŋ, 書 ʆjʌ

邪 zja, 俟 ᐟʐɨ, 船 ʓwjen

曉 ᐟheu

以 ᐟjɨ, (二等), (合口), 匣 ɦɰap (云 ɦjun)

來 ləi

𝙑𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 元音音素

ㅤ￤￤￤￤￤

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ V

Ａ|口・口・〇| ⸋脂 /₍ɰ₎i/ [₍ɰ₎i], ⸋之 /ɨ/ [ɨ], ᴼ侯 /u/ [u]

Ｂ |口・・・・| ⸋🄰 /tʂ, tʂh, dʐ, ʂ₍, ʐ₎/+/iC/ [ɪC]

Ｃ |口・口・〇| ⸋🄱 /eC/ [eC], ⸋🄲 /əC/ [əC], ᴼ模 /o/ [o]–虞 /jo/ [jo]

Ｄ |口・・・・| ⸋支 /₍ɰ₎je/ [₍ɰ₎jᴇ]

Ｅ |口・口亽・| ⸋佳 /ɰe/ [ɰɛ], ⸋🄳 /jaC/ [jɐC], ᣔ🄴 /ɰʌC/ [ɰʌ̮C]–魚 /jʌ/ [jʌ̮]

Ｆ |・口・口・| ⸋麻 /ɰa/ [ɰᴀ]–/jaᓑ/ [jᴀ], ⸋歌 /a/ [ɑ]–ᐩ(/Ⓥjaᓑ/ [jɑ])

ㅤ口０１２３４

ㅤ 〇５６７８９

Ａ

脂 i: 侵緝 -m|p, 眞質 -n|t (￫眞質 -n|t, 諄術 w-n|t), –

之 ɨ: –, 殷迄 -n|t, 蒸職 -ŋ|k

侯 u: –, 文物 -n|t, 東屋 -ŋ|k

Ｂ

🄰 iC: –, 臻櫛 -n|t, –

Ｃ

🄱 eC: 添怗 -m|p, 先屑 -n|t, 青錫 -ŋ|k

🄲 əC: 覃合 -m|p, 痕麧 -n|t, 登德 -ŋ|k

模 o: –, 魂沒 -n|t, 冬沃 -ŋ|k

虞 jo: –, –, 鍾燭 -ŋ|k

Ｄ

支 je: 鹽葉 -m|p, 仙薛 -n|t, 清昔 (w)j-ŋ|k

Ｅ

佳 ɰe: 咸洽 -m|p, 山黠 -n|t, 耕麥 -ŋ|k

🄳 jaC: 嚴業 -m|p, –, 陽藥 -ŋ|k

🄴 ɰʌC: –, –, 江覺 -ŋ|k

魚 jʌ: 凡乏 /Ⓑjam|p/ [Ⓑwjʌ̮m|p], 元月 -n|t, –

Ｆ

麻 ɰa, ja: 銜狎 ɰ-m|p, 刪鎋 ɰ-n|t, 庚陌 ɰ(j)-ŋ|k

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ Vᴠ

Ａ|ㇿ・・・・|

Ｂ |ㇿ・口・・| ⸌⸋微 /ɨi/ [ᵻi]

Ｃ |口・口・〇| ⸌⸋齊 /ei/ [eɪ], ⸌⸋咍 /əi/ [əɪ], ⸌ᴼ灰 /oi/ [oɪ]

Ｄ |口・・・・| ⸌⸋祭 /₍ɰ₎jei/ [₍ɰ₎jᴇɪ]

Ｅ |口・口・・| ⸌⸋皆 /ɰei/ [ɰɛɪ], ⸌⸋廢 /jai/ [jɐɪ]

Ｆ |・口・口・| ⸌⸋夬 /ɰai/ [ɰᴀɪ], ⸌⸋泰 /ai/ [ɑɪ]

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ Vᴠ

Ａ|・・・・ｏ|

Ｂ |口・口・ｏ| ⸋⸍幽 /iu/ [ɪu], ⸋⸍尤 /ɨu/ [ᵻu]

Ｃ |口・・・・| ⸋⸍蕭 /eu/ [eʊ]

Ｄ |口・・・・| ⸋⸍宵 /₍ɰ₎jeu/ [₍ɰ₎jᴇʊ]

Ｅ |・・・・・|

Ｆ |・口口・・| ⸋⸍肴 /ɰau/ [ɰᴀʊ], ⸋⸍豪 /au/ [ɑʊ]

𝙏𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 聲調

ㅤㅤ一／＼

丅ㅤ・２３上 /ᐟ/ (³⁵), 平 /–/ (³³)

丄ㅤ・・・

工ㅤ・・９去 /ᐠ, \/ (⁵³, ⁵¹)

ㅤㅤ＝＝＝

ｏㅤ・・・

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𝘖𝘭𝘥 𝘊𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺

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𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 輔音音素

ㅤ（㋥㋓＼＼＼￢︙￢￣／／／／」㋩）

ㅤㅤ・・・・・・︙・・・・ｒ・・・

ㅤㅤⒷⓑⒹⒶⓡⓢ︙ⓟⓅⓔⓋⓋⓊⓗⓁ C

・－〇・・〇・・︙・・・〇・・・・ N̊h: 悔(少) m̊h, 漢(恕) n̊h ⋮ 曉(燒) ŋ̊h

－＋〇・・〇・・︙・・・〇・・・・ N̊N: 撫 /m̊/ [m̊m], 帑 /n̊/ [n̊n] ⋮ 哭 /ŋ̊/ [ŋ̊ŋ]

・＋〇・・〇・・︙・・・〇・・・・ N: 皿 m, 泥(二) n ⋮ 卬 ŋ

＋－〇・・・・・︙・・・・・・・・ NK: 𠂢 mp ⋮

＋＋〇・・・・・︙・・・〇・・・・ NK: 武 mb ⋮ 疑 ŋɡ

・－〇・〇・・・︙・・・〇・〇・・ K: 幫 p, 端(專) t ⋮ 見(章) k , 央 q

・－〇・〇・・・︙・・・〇・〇・・ Kh: 滂 ph, 替(昌) th ⋮ 溪(川) kh, 向 qh

・＋〇・〇・・・︙・・・〇・〇・・ K: 竝 b, 定(成) d ⋮ 寒(雔) ɡ, 云 ɢ

・－・・・・・・︙・ｏ・ｏ・・・・ X: ⋮ °[ç], °[x]

・－・・〇・・・︙・・・・・・・・ S: 三 s ⋮

・－・・〇・・・︙・・・・・・・・ Sh: 參 sh ⋮

・＋・・〇・・・︙・・・・・・・・ S: 從 z ⋮

・－・・・・・・︙・・・・・・・〇 J: ⋮ ⬚ -h-

－＋・・・〇・・︙・・・・・・・・ J̊J: 體 /ɹ̊/ [ꞇ̊ꞇ] ⋮

・＋・・・〇・・︙・〇・・〇・・・ J: 履 /ɹ/ [ꞇ] ⋮ ⬚ -j-, ⬚ -w-

・＋・・・ｏ・・︙・・・・・・・・ Я: °[ꞇ]￫[ɾ] ⋮

・－・・・〇・・︙・・・・・・・・ L̊h: 隓 l̊h ⋮

－＋・・・〇・・︙・・・・・・・・ L̊L: 透 /l̊/ [l̊l] ⋮

・＋・・・〇ｏ・︙・ｏ・・・・・・ L: 㠯(邪) l °[ɭ] ⋮ °[ʎ]

・－・・・ｏ・・︙・・・・・・・・ Ɬ: °[ɬ] ⋮

・＋・・・ｏ・・︙・・・・・・・・ ᒧ: °[ɺ] ⋮

ㅤㅤ⓪①②③④⑤︙⑥⑦⑧⑨⑨⑩⑪⑫

ㅤㅤ・・・・・・︙・￤￤￤￤・・・

悔 m̊hɯɯˀ (少 -jeuˀ), 漢 n̊haans (恕 -jas), 曉 ŋ̊heeuˀ (燒 -jeu)

撫 m̊aˀ, 帑 n̊aaŋˀ, 哭 ŋ̊ooɡ

皿 maŋˀ, 泥 niil (二 -jis), 卬 ŋaaŋ

𠂢 mpɹeeɡs

武 mbaˀ, 疑 ŋɡɯ

幫 paaŋ, 端 toon (專 -jon), 見 keens (章 -jaŋ), 央 qaŋ

滂 phaaŋ, 替 thiids (昌 -jaŋ), 溪 khee (川 -jon), 向 qhaŋs

竝 beeŋˀ, 定 deeŋs (成 -jeŋ), 寒 ɡaan (雔 -ju), 云 ɢun

三 soom

參 shuum

從 zoŋ

體 ɹ̊iiˀ

履 ɹiˀ

隓 l̊hol

透 l̊oos

㠯 lɯˀ (邪 -ja)

𝘾𝞚

Nl: Ⓑ –, 恥 m̊lɯˀ, 萬 mlans; Ⓥ –, –, 孴 ŋlɯˀ

Kl: Ⓑ 必 pliɡ (帚 -juˀ), 甹 phleeŋ, 凡 blom (辰 -jɯn); Ⓥ 公 klooŋ (眾 -juŋs), 孔 khlooŋˀ (赤 -jaɡ), 羣 ɡlun (常 -jaŋ); Ⓤ 一 (弌) qlɯɡ (設 -jed), 虎 qhlaaˀ (書 -ja), 熊 ɢlum (船 -jon)

Sl: 心 slɯm (舒 -ja), –, 字 zlɯs

Nɹ: Ⓑ 兄 m̊hɹaŋ, –, 明 mɹaŋ; Ⓥ –, –, 屰 ŋɹaɡ

Kɹ: Ⓑ 兵 pɹaŋ, 品 phɹɯmˀ, 白 bɹaaɡ; Ⓥ 庚 kɹaaŋ, 殸 khɹeeŋ, 匣 ɡɹaab; Ⓤ 景 (影) qɹaŋˀ, 孝 qhɹuus, 彙 ɢɹuds

Sɹ: 沙 sɹaal, 初 shɹa, 崇 zɹuŋ

𝘾ᑊ𝞚

Nᑊl: Ⓑ –, –, 孃 (娘) mᑊlaŋ; Ⓥ –, –, 聶 ŋᑊleb

Kᑊl: Ⓑ 朝 pᑊleu, 㕻 phᑊloos (尸 -ji), 聿 bᑊlud; Ⓥ 知 kᑊle, 土 khᑊlaaˀ, 兌 ɡᑊloods

Nᑊɹ: Ⓥ –, 坼 ŋ̊ᑊɹaaɡ, –

Kᑊɹ: Ⓑ –, 离 phᑊɹel, –; Ⓥ 乇 kᑊɹaaɡ, –, –

𝘾𝞚ᑊ𝞚

Nɹᑊɹ: Ⓑ –, –, 厲 mɹᑊɹads; Ⓥ –, –, 魯 ŋɹᑊɹaaˀ

Kɹᑊɹ: Ⓑ –, –, 䜌 bɹᑊɹon; Ⓥ –, –, –; Ⓤ –, –, 立 ɢɹᑊɹɯb

𝙨𝘾

sN: Ⓑ –, –, 戌 smiɡ; Ⓐ –, 次 sn̊is, 襄 snaŋ; Ⓥ –, –, 桑 sŋaaŋ

sK: Ⓑ –, –, 自 sbids; Ⓥ 精 skeŋ, 清 skheŋ, 爿 sɡaŋ; Ⓤ 散 sqaanˀ, 巽 sqhuuns, 旋 sɢon

𝙨𝘾𝞚

sKl: Ⓑ 子 splɯˀ, –, 埽 sbluuˀ; Ⓥ 早 skluuˀ, –, –; Ⓤ 算 sqloons, 惢 sqhlooˀ, 夕 sɢlaɡ

sKɹ: Ⓑ –, 齔 sphɹinˀ, –; Ⓥ 莊 skɹaŋ, 刅 skhɹaŋ, 乍 sɡɹaaɡs; Ⓤ 省 sqɹeeŋˀ, 色 sqhɹɯɡ, 俟 sɢɹɯˀ

𝙑𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙨 元音音素

ㅤ￤￤￤￤￤

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ V

Ａ|・・・・・|

Ｂ |口・・口〇| ⸋/i/ [ɪ], ⸋/ɯ/ [ω], ᴼ/u/ [ʊ]

Ｃ |・・・・・|

Ｄ |口・・・〇| ⸋/e/ [ᴇ], ᴼ/o/ [σ]

Ｅ |・・口・・| ⸋/a/ [ɐ]

Ｆ |・・・・・|

ㅤ口 |０１２３４|

ㅤ 〇 |５６７８９|

𝙑

CV: 比 bi (脂 kj-), 箕 kɯ (之 kj-, 尤 ɢw-), 鳩 ku, 卑 pe (支 kj-), 拘 ko, 居 ka (魚 ŋ-, 虞 ŋw-)

CΛV:

𝙑𝙉

CVN:

CΛVN: 臻 sɹin

𝙑𝞚

CVΛ: 微 mɯl, 隓 ⇧, 奇 kal

CΛVΛ:

𝙑𝞒𝙨

CVΓs: 祭 skeds, 廢 pads

CΛVΓs:

𝙑𝙪

Vu:

CΛVu: 幽 qɹɯu, 宵 sleu

ㅤⓅⓣⓔⓞⓋ VV

Ａ|ㇿ・・ㇿｏ|

Ｂ |口・・口〇| ⸌⸋/ii/ [ɪi], ⸌⸋/ɯɯ/ [ωɯ], ⸌ᴼ/uu/ [ʊu]

Ｃ |ㇿ・・・ｏ|

Ｄ |口・・・〇| ⸌⸋/ee/ [ᴇe], ⸌ᴼ/oo/ [σo]

Ｅ |・・ㇿ・・|

Ｆ |・・口・・| ⸌⸋/aa/ [aɐ]

𝙑𝙑

CVV: 乩 kii, 該 kɯɯ (咍 l̊h-, 灰 qhm-), 皋 kuu, 笄 kee, 溝 koo (侯 ɡ-), 沽 kaa (模 m-)

CΛVV: 皆 kɹii, 佳 kɹee

𝙑𝙑𝙉

CVVN: 青 skheeŋ

CΛVVN: 江 kɹooŋ

𝙑𝙑𝞚

CVVΛ: 齊 ziil, 哀 qɯɯl, 回 ɡuul, 驪 ɹeel, 戈 kool, 歌 kaal

CΛVVΛ: 淮 ɡwɹiil, 乖 kwɹɯɯl, 槐 ɡɹuul, 差 skhɹeel, 踝 ɡɹoolˀ, 麻 mɹaal

𝙑𝙑𝞒𝙨

CVVΓs: 泰 thaads

CΛVVΓs: 夬 kwɹaads

𝙑𝙑𝙪

CVVu: 豪 ɡaau

CΛVVu: 蕭 slɯɯu, 肴 ɡɹaau

𝘼𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙨 伴隨聲調

ㅤㅤ・・・︙🄛🄛🄛

ㅤㅤ一／＼︙一／＼

丅ㅤ・・⑶︙・⑵・ /$/ [–$], /$ˀ/ [ᐟ$ˀ]

丄ㅤ・・・︙・・・

工ㅤ・・⑼︙・・・ /$s/ [ᐠ$s, ⸜$s]

ㅤㅤ＝＝＝

ｏㅤ・・・

家 kɹaa, 庚 kɹaaŋ, 哥 kaal, 革 kɹɯɯɡ

假 kɹaaˀ, 梗 kɹaaŋˀ, 哿 kaalˀ, –

稼 kɹaas, 更 kɹaaŋs, 箇 kaals, 戒 kɹɯɯɡs

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