Stress and Anxiety

Resources

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Ben-Zion, Z., Basol, E. Z., Simon, A. J., Abargil, M., Samonek, K., Paterson, M., Spiller, T. R., Duek, O., Just, S., Preller, K., Keynan, J. N., Admon, R., Liberzon, I., Shalev, A. Y., Hendler, T., Levy, I., Joormann, J., Scheinost, D., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2026). Dissecting Fear and Emotional Pain in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Symptom Networks to Neural Signatures. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 100(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.11.016

Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self‐compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359-371.

Bloch, J. (2016).The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help. TED Talk. [Video file]. Retrieved from The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help | Jocelyne Bloch

Bomyea, J., Lang, A., Craske, M. G., Chavira, D. A., Sherbourne, C. D., Rose, R. D., ... & Bystritsky, A. (2015). Course of symptom change during anxiety treatment: Reductions in anxiety and depression in patients completing the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management program. Psychiatry Research, 229(1), 133-142.

Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2016). Intergenerational transmission of stress in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 232.

​​Bremner, J. D., Wittbrodt, M. T., Gurel, N. Z., Nye, J. A., Shandhi, M. M. H., Gazi, A. H., Shah, A. J., Amorim, V., Pearce, B. D., Vaccarino, V., & Inan, O. T. (2026). A pilot study of brain correlates of long-term treatment with transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 24, Article 101014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2025.101014

Brunet, A., et al. (2014). Trauma reactivation plus propranolol is associated with durably low physiological responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery. Can J Psychiatry, 59(4):228-232.

Brydges, N. M., Jin, R., Seckl, J., Holmes, M. C., Drake, A. J., & Hall, J. (2014). Juvenile stress enhances anxiety and alters corticosteroid receptor expression in adulthood. Brain and behavior, 4(1), 4-13.

Caruso, M. J., Crowley, N. A., Reiss, D. E., Caulfield, J. I., Luscher, B., Cavigelli, S. A., & Kamens, H. M. (2018). Adolescent social stress increases anxiety-like behavior and alters synaptic transmission, without influencing nicotine responses, in a sex-dependent manner. Neuroscience, 373, 182-198.

Chen, Y.R., et al. (2014). Efficacy of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for patients with posttraumatic-stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PlosOne, 9(8), e103676, 1-17.

Cisler, J.M., et al. (2014). Functional reorganization of neural networks during repeated exposure to the traumatic memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 48, 47-45.

Cohen, J. R., Andrews, A. R., Davis, M. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2018). Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence: testing theoretical models of continuity and discontinuity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(6), 1295-1308.

Dell’Acqua, C., Imperatori, C., Ardito, R. B., Farina, B., Adenzato, M., Carbone, G., Lo Presti, A., Palomba, D., & Messerotti Benvenuti, S. (2025). Adverse childhood experiences and internalizing symptoms: the moderating role of neural responses to threat. Neurobiology of Stress, 37, Article 100740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100740

Dettling, A. C., Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (1999). Cortisol levels of young children in full-day childcare centers: Relations with age and temperament. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 519–536.

DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. (1988). Hassles and uplift scale. From: The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,486–495.

Demareva, V., Nazarov, N., Bushueva, K., & Demarev, A. (2026). Speech Under Stress: A Machine Learning Approach to Detecting Public Speaking Anxiety Through Acoustic Features – A Pilot Study. In A. G. Kravets, M. V. Shcherbakov, & B. Krishna Bal (Eds.), Creativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science (pp. 519–530). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-14674-8_35

Doidge, N. & McNish, S. (2017) The brain that changes and heals itself . Conversations that Matter. [Video file]. Retrieved from The Brain That Changes and Heals Itself (w/ Dr. Norman Doidge, U of Toronto, Columbia University)

Erta, M., Giralt, M., Esposito, F. L., Fernandez-Gayol, O., & Hidalgo, J. (2015). Astrocytic IL-6 mediates locomotor activity, exploration, anxiety, learning and social behavior. Hormones and Behavior, 73, 64-74.

Evans, G., Schamberg, M.A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory PNAS, 106(16), 6545-6549  

Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336.

​​Ferrer-Cascales, R., Costa-López, B., Ruiz-Robledillo, N., Delvecchio, E., & Albaladejo-Blázquez, N. (2026). Academic stress as a mediator in the association between sensory processing sensitivity and mental health in university students. Discover Psychology, 6(1), Article 240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-026-00742-3

Filippi, C. A., Valadez, E. A., Fox, N. A., & Pine, D. S. (2022). Temperamental risk for anxiety: emerging work on the infant brain and later neurocognitive development. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 44, Article 101105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101105

Foster, J. A., & Neufeld, K. A. M. (2013). Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(5), 305-312.

Gasch, A. P. (2026). Twenty‐Five Years of the Environmental Stress Response and the Enduring Power of Yeast in Stress Biology. Yeast (Chichester, England), 43(5), Article 42165638. https://doi.org/10.1002/yea.70028

Geary, D. C., & Flinn, M. V. (2002). Sex differences in behavioral and hormonal response to social threat: Commentary on Taylor et al. (2000). Psychological Review, 109(4), 745-750. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.745

​​Gill, T. (2014). The benefit of children's engagement with nature: A systematic review. Children Youth & Environments, 24(2), 10-34.

Gregoire, C., ed. (n.d.). Managing stress, protecting your health. The Forum: Harvard School of Public Health.

Grindall, T. (2013). Toxic stress. Harvard University, Mind, Brain, Health & Education (PSYCE-1609). [video] and [slides].

Gunnar, M. R., Brodersen, L., Krueger, K., & Rigatuso, J. (1996). Dampening of adrenocortical responses during infancy: Normative changes and individual differences. Child Development, 67, 877–889.

Gunnar, M. R., Tout, K., de Haan, M., Pierce, S., & Stansbury, K. (1997). Temperament, social competence, and adrenocortical activity in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 31(1), 65–85.

Guo, Y., Liu, S., Poletti, S., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Xiong, Q., Zheng, H., Wei, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Ruan, J., & Ren, Z. (2025). Structural brain correlates in major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 55, Article e203. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291725100780

Hart-Pomerantz, H., Roe, E., & Brunyé, T. T. (2025). Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation on Physiological Responses to Acute Stress: A Systematic Review. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 9(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-024-00315-z

Hashim, S., & Omigie, D. (2026). Characterising the neuro‐oscillatory signatures of spontaneous and deliberate music‐evoked visual imagery and examining their role in stress recovery. 1123–1145. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01390-1

He, J., Tu, S., Zhao, H., & He, Q. (2025). Transitioning from perceived stress to mental health: The mediating role of self-control in a longitudinal investigation with MRI scans. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 25(1), Article 100539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100539

Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D.H. (2000). The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 1-35.

Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., et al. (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 592–597.

Huc, M., Jouzizadeh, M., Bush, K., Lui, K., McQuaid, R. J., & Jaworska, N. (2026). Electrocortical correlates of facial expression processing: Assessing associations with stress, loneliness and exploring sex and hormone interactions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 405, Article 121473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121473

Ilomäki, M., Lindblom, J., Flykt, M., Vänskä, M., Punamäki, R., & Wikman, P. (2025). Similarity in Early Life Stress Exposure Is Associated With Similarity in Neural Representations in Early Adulthood. Human Brain Mapping, 46(14), Article 70373. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.70373

Int-Veen, I., Eßer, U., Ladegast, S., Liermann, L., Täglich, R., Schopp, B., Nuerk, H.-C., Plewnia, C., Kroczek, A., De Smet, S., Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A.-C., Barth, B., & Rosenbaum, D. (2025). Investigating the neural and behavioral correlates of the stress-rumination link in healthy humans by modulating the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex using Theta Burst Stimulation. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 25(5), 1449–1472. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-025-01305-0

Kapoula, (2010). EMDR Effects on Pursuit Eye Movements. Plos One, 5(5), e10762-e10762.

​​Larosa, A., Zhang, T. R., Wong, A. S., Fung, C. Y. H., Long, X. L. Y. (Jenny), Singh, P., Fung, B. C. M., & Wong, T. P. (2025). Diminished Social Memory and Hippocampal Correlates of Social Interactions in Chronic Social Defeat Stress Susceptibility. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 5(3), Article 100455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100455

Lipschutz, R., Dahlgren, K., Santos, J., Chambers, K., McAfee, E., Abrams, C., Merrill, N., Brennan, P. A., Rilling, J. K., Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., & Stevens, J. S. (2026). Neural Correlates of Maternal Posttraumatic Stress in the First Postpartum Year: Blunted Salience and Prefrontal Responses to Infant Distress. Biological Psychiatry : Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 11(10), 1250–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.04.009

Liu, Y., Li, M., Chen, C., Wang, S., Gao, Y., Jing, Y., Zhou, Y., Xie, M., Zhang, C., Liu, Z., Zhang, B., & Li, J. (2026). Neural vulnerability to stress in adolescents: a longitudinal study using polyconnectomic scoring of depression risk. BMC Medicine, 24(1), Article 184. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-04704-3

Livshin, A. D., Ho, S., Muzic, M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Swain, J. E. (2026). 2.32 Neural Correlates of Maternal Reflective Functioning and Resentment in Dyadic Stress. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 65(10), S240–S240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2026.08.142

Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010). Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(6), 867-876.

Lupien, S. J., Leon, M. D., Santi, S. D., Convit, A., Tarshish, C., Nair, N. P. V., et al. (1998). Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nature Neuroscience, 1(1), 69–73.

MacIntyre, P. D. (2017). An overview of language anxiety research and trends in its development. New Insights into Language Anxiety: Theory, Research and Educational Implications, 11-30.

Maimon, N. B., Molcho, L., Zaimer, T., Chibotero, O., Intrator, N., & Yahalom, E. (2025). Dissociating Cognitive Load and Stress Responses Using Single-Channel EEG: Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Anxiety Across Cognitive States. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.10093

Maimon, N. B., Molcho, L., Zaimer, T., Chibotero, O., Intrator, N., & Yahalom, E. (2025). Dissociating Cognitive Load and Stress Responses Using Single-Channel EEG: Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Anxiety Across Cognitive States. 2025 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (ICHCI), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHCI67614.2025.11292523

Maloney, E. A., & Beilock, S. L. (2012). Math anxiety: Who has it, why it develops, and how to guard against it. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(8), 404-406.

Maloney, E. A., Ramirez, G., Gunderson, E. A., Levine, S. C., & Beilock, S. L. (2015). Intergenerational effects of parents’ math anxiety on children’s math achievement and anxiety. Psychological Science, 0956797615592630.

McEwen, B. (2011). Effects of stress on the developing brain. Cerebrum.

McEwen, B. S., Gray, J. D., & Nasca, C. (2015). Recognizing resilience: Learning from the effects of stress on the brain. Neurobiology of Stress, 1, 1-11.

Moran, T. P. (2016). Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 831-864.

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2005). Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain: Working Paper No. 3. Washington, DC: Author.

Oberle, E., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2016). Stress contagion in the classroom? The link between classroom teacher burnout and morning cortisol in elementary school students. Social Science & Medicine, 159, 30-37.

Oluyemi, K., de Water, E., Rechtman, E., Invernizzi, A., Rodriguez, M. A., Torres-Olascoaga, L. A., Bautista-Arredondo, L., Martínez-Medina, S., Lara-Estrada, R., Proal, E., Villicaña-Muñoz, V., Gennings, C., Rosa, M. J., McGuinn, L., Tang, C. Y., Schiller, D., Reichenberg, A., White, R. F., Castellanos, F. X., … Horton, M. K. (2026). 698. Associations Between Prenatal Metal Mixture Exposure and Neural Correlates of Adolescent Risky Decision-Making: Effect Modification by Maternal Psychosocial Stress. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 99(10), S398–S398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.932

Otgaar, H., Howe, M. L., & Muris, P. (2017). Maltreatment increases spontaneous false memories but decreases suggestion‐induced false memories in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 376-391.

Paone, G., Davis, A. J., & Cohen, E. (2026). Modality Matters: Intact and Enhanced Memory Skills in Children From High‐Stress Environments. Cognitive Science, 50(4), Article 42054533. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70214

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Rigoli, F., Ewbank, M., Dalgleish, T., & Calder, A. (2016). Threat visibility modulates the defensive brain circuit underlying fear and anxiety. Neuroscience Letters, 612, 7-13.

Risner, M., Hu, L., & Stamoulis, C. (2025). Pre-pandemic mental health and brain characteristics predict adolescent stress and emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS One, 20(10), Article 0334028. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334028

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Rudnik, A., Sobczak, K., Sawicki, A., & Zdun-Ryżewska, A. (2025). Exploring the interplay of stress, fatigue, and empathy: The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in enhancing the well-being of university students in medical and social disciplines. PloS One, 20(4), Article 0321946. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321946

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Simons, S. S., Cillessen, A. H., & de Weerth, C. (2017). Cortisol stress responses and children's behavioral functioning at school. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(2), 217-224.

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Tang, Y., Huo, B.-B., Wu, J.-J., Shi, D., & Wang, Z. (2026). Left hippocampal subiculum-hypothalamus hyperconnectivity as a neural correlate of stress vulnerability. Behavioural Brain Research, 507, Article 116166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116166

Taylor, J. H., Jakubovski, E., & Bloch, M. H. (2015). Predictors of anxiety recurrence in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 154-165.

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Towers, E. E., Hoffman, J., Louie, E. E., Dali, G., Logge, W., Mills, K., & Morley, K. C. (2026). Biological and neurocognitive correlates of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder: a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 17(1), Article 42189044. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2640736

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​​Wang, Y., Liu, J., Li, Y., & Duan, H. (2026). Are Adolescents with Higher Openness More Creative Under Stress? The Mediating Role of Stress Perception and Cognitive Flexibility. Journal of Intelligence, 14(2), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence14020032

Wenuganen, S., Walton, K. G., Travis, F. T., Stalder, T., Wallace, R. K., Srivastava, M., & Fagan, J. (2025). Possible Anti-Aging and Anti-Stress Effects of Long-Term Transcendental Meditation Practice: Differences in Gene Expression, EEG Correlates of Cognitive Function, and Hair Steroids. Biomolecules (Basel, Switzerland), 15(3), Article 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15030317

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Other Resources

Harvard School of Public Health (n.d.). Managing stress: Protecting your health. The Forum. 

High Scope Educational Research Foundation. (n.d.).Research. [website].

McGonigal, K. (2013). How to make stress your friend. TedTalk. [video]. (14:25 minutes). Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcGyVTAoXEU&feature=youtube_gdata_player

Shonkoff, J. (n.d.). The good, the bad, and the tolerable: How different stress levels impact the developing brain. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Useable Knowledge.

Vanderbilt University (2014). Center on the Social Emotional Foundations of Early Learning. [website].

Date of last update: 15 Oct-2026

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